"No better books, introductory to Hebrew, exist." — Prof. 
T. K. Chetne, Oxford University. 

HEBREW AND SEMITIC TEXT-BOOKS. 

By W. R. HARPER, Ph.D., 

Professor of Semitic Languages in Yale College; Principal of 
Schools of the American Institute of Hebrew. 



ELEMENTS OF HEBREW. 
Net $2.00. 

INTRODUCTORY 

HEBREW METHOD AND MANUAL. 

Net $2.00. 

ELEMENTS OF HEBREW SYNTAX. 

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HEBREW VOCABULARIES. 

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INTRODUCTORY 
NEW TESTAMENT GREEK METHOD. 

By HARPER and WEIDNER. 
Net $2.50. 



BLKMBNTS 



OF 



HEBREW SYNTAX 



BY 



AN INDUCTIVE METHOD 



BY 

WILLIAM RAINEY HARPER 

PROFESSOR OF SEMITIC LANGUAGES, YALE UNIVERSITY 



SECOND EDITION. 



NEW YORK : 

CHARLES SCRLBNER'S SONS. 

1890. 






Copyright 

1888 

American Publication Society of Hebrew 



a is \v» 



Press of J. J. Little & Co, 
Astor Place, New York. 



TO 

MY PARENTS 

IN APPRECIATION OF THE HELP 

AND ENCOURAGEMENT SO FREELY GIVEN 

DURING MY EARLY STUDIES 

THIS BOOK 

IS AFFECTIONATELY DEDICATED 



PREFACE. 



It is commonly taught that the Syntax of Hebrew is a matter of small 
importance. Very seldom, indeed, is any special attention given to 
the subject. The grammars upon which American students have 
depended furnish exhaustive treatments of Etymology, *but contain 
only a meagre amount of Syntax. It is because men have not studied 
Hebrew Syntax, because, as a matter of fact, they are ignorant of it, 
that they have failed to appreciate its value. 

It is true that the Hebrew is lacking in the power to present without 
ambiguity many of the exact and beautiful shades of thought for which 
expression is found in the Latin and the Greek. It is true that the 
Hebrew is more dependent upon the context for the precise determina- 
tion of the meaning than is either of these languages. It is all the more 
necessary, however, to become acquainted with the constructions which 
are possible in a given case. It will generally be conceded, that in no 
respect is the Revision of the Old Testament so weak as in its Syntax. 
One need only compare critically the translation of the tenses in the 
first ten or twelve Psalms, to discover the shortcomings of the Revision, 
and at the same time to understand the difficulty and importance of the 
subject. 

It may be said that, notwithstanding the lack of American grammars 
in this respect, the existence of such works as those of Driver, Ewald, 
and Miiller renders the publication of a new treatment unnecessary. But 
it will be remembered that Driver, aside from his Appendices, treats 
exclusively of the " Tense," the most important of all syntactical sub- 
jects, yet a single subject ; that Ewald's work, the only philosophical 
treatment of the subject, can only be appreciated by one who has given 
much time and attention to Hebrew Syntax ; and that Miiller's book is 
brief, obsqure, and unsatisfactory. If a new text-book has been needed 
in any department of linguistic study, it is in that of Hebrew Syntax. 

The present work has not been undertaken in order to add anything 
to the results already achieved in the line of syntactical investigation, 
but rather to classify and arrange these results in such a way as to 
bring them within the reach of that large class of Hebrew students who 
need and desire a knowledge of them but have little time in which 
to obtain it. No claim, therefore, is made for the originality of the 
material presented. In a work of so elementary a character, intended 
only to serve as an introduction to a more exhaustive study of the 



6 HEBREW SYNTAX. 

language, the presentation of any but the most common principles would 
have been out of place. It has been the aim of the author (1) to present 
those points which the ordinary student would find of the greatest prac- . 
tical value ; (2) to present them in as definite and clear a manner as 
possible ; and (3) to select such examples as would most strikingly illus- 
trate the points made. In carrying out this plan a free use has been 
made of all former treatments of Syntax. To those named above the 
writer is under deepest obligation; much of value has also been found 
in Nordheimer and Gesenius. In most cases where material peculiar to 
a particular writer is used, special credit has been given. It has been 
impossible, however, to decide in every case to whom the credit belonged. 
For all material, not especially credited, a general acknowledgment is 
hereby made. It should be added, that in the selection of examples for 
illustration, and of the texts cited under "References for Study," pref- 
erence has been given to those passages which have always been used by 
grammarians. It has been an interesting fact to note in how many 
cases the same texts have been employed by several writers. 

So far as concerns the plan of presentation, some improvement, it is 
believed, has been made upon former methods. The facts are first given ; 
the phrase or sentence is quoted and translated, and in order that the 
student may determine for himself its full force from the context, the 
book, chapter, and verse containing it are cited. In the treatment of 
"Verbal Government and Apposition,"" "The Sentence," and "Kinds of 
Sentences," the examples have been given in the unpointed text, in 
order that the pupil might be compelled to give them more careful study. 
The work of pronouncing the texts thus printed combines with the study 
of Syntax also a drill in Etymology. 

Following the facts, and based upon them, are the principles. By 
means of a carefully arranged tabulation the various statements of prin- 
ciples correspond exactly to the facts cited, and no inconvenience will be 
found in passing from one to the other. 

Under " Remarks," additional details, interesting comparisons, and 
important exceptions are given. The arrangement of this material is 
intended to make it easily accessible. 

The most important, and likewise the most practical, feature of the 
work is included under "References for Study." Of what permanent 
value is the memorizing of grammar? Having studied the facts and 
from them deduced the principles regulating these facts, the next step is 
application. To aid in this, the crowning part of one's work, a large 
number of texts, containing illustrations of the various points included 
under a particular subject are given ; these texts are arranged in the order 
of their occurrence in the Hebrew Bible, and in the case of each text that 
particular subdivision of the main section to which it belongs is indi- 
cated. This arrangement not only makes it possible to read a large 
number of texts in a comparatively short time, but also, breaks up the 
monotony which ensues upon the examination of several texts covering 
exactly the same point. 



PREFACE. 7 

The study of Syntax by this plan combines (1) the exegetical study of 
the illustrations cited, (2) the mastery of the principles taught, (3) the 
translation and interpretation, in connection with the context, of a num- 
ber of texts, and (4) in certain portions also the pronunciation of the 
unpointed text. The student may be required to translate beforehand 
only the texts cited from prophetical and poetical portions, these being 
the most difficult ; the texts taken from the historical portions may 
with great advantage be read at sight. 

For valuable assistance in reading proof-sheets, and in verifying refer- 
ences, as well as for the typographical neatness and accuracy of the book 
as a whole, the author is indebted to the Rev. John "W. Payne, of New 
Haven, Conn., who for some years has been closely associated in the 
work of "The Old Testament Student " and "Hebraica." The Indices, 
which will be found especially full and helpful, have been prepared by 
the Rev. A. M. "Wilson, now carrying on Semitic studies in Yale Univer- 
sity. From Dr. C. R. Brown, of Newton Centre, Mass., and from Mr. 
Charles H. "Wissner, of Fredericksburg, Va., the author has received 
valuable aid which he desires hereby to acknowledge. 

The author would express the hope that this work may meet the 
approval of the many teachers who are now using his other Hebrew text- 
books, and that in their hands it may prove efficient in aiding to a better 
knowledge of the Old Testament. 

New Hayen, Conn., August 4, 1888. 



TABLE OF CONTENTS. 



I. THE NOUN. 

Page. 

1. The Noun, used collectively 13, 14 

2. Gender of Nouns 14-16 

3. Number of Nouns 17-19 

4. Determination of Nouns 19-22 

5. Determination of Nouns (continued) 22, 23 

6. Apposition of Nouns 24-26 

7. The Nominative Absolute 26, 27 

8. Annexion, or the Construct Eelation 28-32 

9. Annexion (continued) 32-36 

10. The Adjective 37, 38 

11. Personal Pronoun and Suffixes 39-41 

12. Demonstrative and Interrogative Pronouns 41-43 

13. The Kelative Pronoun 43-45 

14. Other Pronominal Expressions 46, 47 

15. Numerals 47-50 

II. USE OE TENSES AND MOODS. 

16. The Tenses, in general 51-53 

17. The Perfect, used of past events 53, 54 

18. The Perfect, used of present events 55, 56 

19. The Perfect, used of future events 56-58 

20. The Imperfect, used of past events 58-60 

21. The Imperfect, used of present events 60-62 

22. The Imperfect, used of future events 62-64 

23. The Jussive, Imperative and Cohortative 65-68 

24. The Imperfect, with Waw Consecutive 68-73 

25. The Perfect, with Waw Consecutive 74-79 

26. The Perfect and Imperfect with Waw Conjunctive 79-81 



10 TABLE OF CONTENTS. 

27. The Participle 81-84 

28. The Infinitive Absolute „ . 84-88 

29. The Infinitive Construct 88-92 

in. VEKBAL GOVEKNMENT AND APPOSITION. 

I 30. The Object Accusative 93, 94 

31. The Double Accusative 94, 95 

32. The Cognate Accusative 95, 96 

33. The Adverbial Accusative 96- 98 

34. The Accusative with j""|tf 99-101 

35. The Accusative with the Passive 101 

36. Verbal Apposition and Subordination 101-103 

IV. THE SENTENCE. 

I 37. The Subject and Predicate 104-107 

38. Order of Words in a Sentence 107-109 

39. Emphasis 109-111 

40. Agreement of Number and Gender r 111-114 

Y. KINDS OF SENTENCES. 

§ 41. Negative Sentences 115-118 

42. Interrogative Sentences 119-122 

43. Exclamatory and Optative Sentences 122, 123 

44. Copulative Sentences. 123-125 

45. Circumstantial Sentences 126-129 

46. Kelative Sentences 129-132 

47. Subject, Object and Adverbial Clauses — 132-136 

48. Conditional Sentences 136-142 

VI. INDEXES. 

1. Index of Topics 145-150 

2. Index of Texts 151-161 

3. Index of Texts under " Eeferences for Study " 162-173 

4. Index of Hebrew Words 174-177 



SYNTAX 



I. Tlie Nouil 

7. The Noun, Used Collectively. 

1. *1p3 oxen; ?tf¥ flock; D^ people; *"jj| nation. 

2. Pjf ot free, 1 frees; 2 t£^K a mem, 3 men; 4 j"]*l7 a beast, 5 Beasts. 6 

3. nm'tt caravan; 7 fn^ traveler; 8 Jl^-I 5and of exiles; 9 H^Jl «^ eca'Ze. 

t : | - •• t 

4. ^K ./Zee*; 11 HON sAip; 12 nj^t^ AaiV; 13 fTT^f? « fan>. 14 

Collective nouns, that is, nouns which are singular in form, but plural 
in sense, may be classified as follows : — a 

1. Those which always express a collective idea, the corresponding 
individual idea being a different word. 

2. Those which are used sometimes in an individual, sometimes in a 
collective sensed c 

3. Those whose feminine form is collective , d while, often, the corre- 
sponding masculine form is individual. 

4. Those whose masculine form is collective, while the corresponding, 
feminine is, generally, individual. 



REMARKS. 

(a) The very frequent occurrence of collective expressions in Hebrew is in accord 
with the extreme simplicity of the language. 

(b) Here are included the numerous cases in which words, for the most part or 
even always used of individuals in pro.se, have a collective sense in poetry; there are, 
indeed, few nouns which may not be thus used. 

(c) Adjectives, used as substantives, have frequently a collective sense. 

(d) Compare with this use of the feminine, its employment in abstract nouns. 



i Gen. 2:9; Ps. 1:3. 
i Gen. l:ll; Ps. 74:5. 
s Gen. 4:1. 
*lsa. 21:9. 
s Gen. 37:20. 



e Gen. 1:25, 
i Gen. 37:25. 
s Judg. 19:17. 
»Ezr. 1:11. 
io 2 Sam. 15:19. 



nlKgs. 9:26, 27. 

12 Jon. 1:3, 5. 

13 Judg. 16:22. 

14 Judg. 20:16; cf. also 1 Sam. 
14:45. 



14 HEBREW SYNTAX [§ 2. 

REFERENCES FOR STUDY. 

Gen. 1:26, 28 (Tin*), ef. Jon. 2:1 (JH) 3 Isa. 16:4 (DD"t) 2 

Gen. 9:13 (pj;), cf. Job 3:5 (HJ^) 4 Jer.6:6(n^) [cf. pfl 3 

Gen. 32:9 (HD ,l 73),cf. Gen. 45:7 3 Ezek. 11:6 (V?m 3 

Ex.lruKHDmD) 2 Mic. 7:8, 10 (imt) 3 

Ex. 15:1 (JTVBO, cf. Ps. 42:9 (YB?) 4 Nah. 2:5(331) 2 

Ex. 15:19 (DID) 2 Zeph.3:19(n/?¥) 3 

2 Sam. 15:23 (pKH) 2 Ps. 45:13 (*")¥ H3 = "l¥ \J3) .3 

Isa.5:3(3BT) 2 Ps. 66:4 (pan) 2 

Isa. 7:18 (mm) [cf. Arabic dabrun Prov. 28:1 (p&*\) 2 

(m. sg.) a swarm] 4 Dan. 9:24 (^3 J), cf. Deut. 18:15, 18 2 

Isa. 12:6 (rDtfD 3 

2. Gender of Nouns. 

1. ££^N wiem; ?3 sow; Tt^3 j^esA; TlND luminary. 

} •• T T T 

&• i^O 3 ^ea<Z (f.); ^13^ i^ 4 <x 6ear robbed of her young; tV\ytf 5 cow. 
c HOT ftqr (f.); Mty ODD, 0D£# to, /^m, icjft you (f.); 

TJ" V T V - V T ■' 

QtVFitP* they two (f.); D5*5X 9 your {I) father: DftX 10 them (f.); 

T 

2. a. DK mofAer (cf. j^); *?fjT eiw (cf. ^N); pjTK s^-ass (cf. IIOQ) I 

|1^_ roattfei (cf. ^J; ffjjX c a?/(cf.^); iTjS^/er (af.Tg). 

^DJl fern. (Gen. 32:16), masc. (G-en. 24:63); "M fern. (Job 1:14), 

T T Jt T 

masc. (Ex. 21:37). 
°« JlftX metropolis (cf. OX); JTB <^# e (cf. J7£))> fO^T hinder part 

t - ■• t" v t ••: 

(cf. t]"V); np"lV righteousness; flffltf* deliverance; 17115 governor; 
n^rtD preacher; JlffiX caravan; fl/il exiles; H^X a sfojp; 

v-iv) t : l t t- t: 

t -; t ■ J- : ■ 

px, ^jjg, yjt, rjrj, m$, nvn, n^qp, *?w, pe& pyjj 
3irr, fax, Dis, ^1 r?n #&}, #x, nix ^^ (also m .). 

1 Gen. 1:16. 6 Ruth 1:22. n Ex. 2:17. 

2 Deut. 27:6. . i Ruth 1 :8, 9, 11, 13. 12 Isa. 23:15. 

3 Gen. 23:4. s Ruth 1:19. is 2 Sam. 10:11. 
4Hos. 13:8, cf. 2 Kgs. 2:24. 9 Gen. 31:9. 14 Jer. 48:4, 9. 

5 Ps. 144:14. 10 Gen. 41:23. " Joel 4:19. 

* Also used individually, Deut. 4:18; Jon. 2:2. 



§ 2.] BY AJST INDUCTIVE METHOD. 15 

3. a. 2V0 1 that which is good; rOift, 2 same; [^"ilQ'? }HN ("D- 4 
&• DflK nh'pn"^^ 5 aZZ that befell them; iTJtP'p 7iard things* 

1. Under masculine nouns are included the names of male beings, 
and, with the exception of those referred to below under 2. a and c, all 
nouns without a distinctively feminine ending. It is to be noted that 

a. In masculines which have plurals in JTJ (and likewise, in f eminines 
which have plurals in Q* ) 5 this termination does not affect the gender. a 

b. In some instances, a masculine form occurs where the sense, and 
rarely also the construction, demands a feminine ; and this, sometimes, 
when a feminine form is in existence. 

c. In the case of pronouns and pronominal suffixes the masculine, in- 
stead of the feminine, often occurs as being the primary form, or as being 
superior to the feminine and including it. 

REMARKS. 

(a) There are exceptions to this; cf. n*W2 (Gen. 7:13); HUD^D (Ps. 84:2). 

(b) The feminine rarely so occurs for the masculine; both irregularities may be 
attributed, in many cases, to colloquial inaccuracy, or to carelessness on the part of 
the writer. 

2. Under feminine nouns are included three classes r 

a. Nouns which refer to female beings ; of these 

(1) some are distinguished from corresponding masculines by 
having an entirely distinct form ; 

(2) some are so distinguished by the addition of a feminine ter- 
mination ; 

(3) some (called epicene) are so distinguished only by the con- 
struction, both masculine and feminine forms being the same. a 

b. Nouns which do not refer to female beings, yet have a feminine 
termination ; here belong 

(1) nouns designating things without life ; & 

(2) nouns indicating abstract ideas 6 or official designations ; d 

(3) nouns used collectively* 3 (2 1. 3), or individually (§ 1. 4). 

c. Nouns which neither imply distinction of sex, nor have a fem- 
inine termination, but are always construed as feminine ; here belong 

(1) names of countries, cities, towns foh 

(2) common nouns designating countries, localities, limited space, 
points of compass, etc.; 



i Gen. 2:17. 3 Gen. 3:13. s Gen. 42:29. 

2 1 Sam. 24:18. 4 Gen. 24:14. e Gen. 42:7, i 



16 HEBREW SYNTAX [§ 2. 

(3) names of members of the body, especially those which are 
double ;* 

(4) names of instruments, utensils, powers of nature;?" 

3. There being in Hebrew no separate designation of the neuter, there 
is used in place of it, 

a. When the word is singular, either a masculine or feminine form. 

b. When the word is plural, generally a feminine form (except in 
poetry). 

REMARKS. 

(a) Certain species of animals are treated as masculine, because regarded as 
strong; others as feminine, because regarded as weak; cf . 3^3 dog, 3KT wolf; -but 
Hjr dove, nTDn stork. 

(b) These are really neuter, the signification passing, in many cases, from some- 
thing living, to that which is without life. 

(c) So adjectives, when used as neuter substantives, assume the feminine form. 

(d) Compare our abstract terms "Lordship," "Majesty," "Excellency," etc. 

(6) Collectives without a feminine ending are often treated asfeminines; cf . Ex. 
8:2, 13, 14; 16:,L3; 2 Sam. 24:9. 

(/) These are treated as "mothers" or "nurses" of the inhabitants; cf. fry 'JS 
Ps. 149:2, also the word metropolis. 

(g) When these words refer to the inhabitants, they are construed as masculine. 

(h) It is common, in poetry, to personify nations, countries and cities, as female 
beings; cf. Isa. 47:1; 50:1; Lam. 1:1. 

(i) Some of these also appear, at times, as masculine; always masculine are fltf 
nose, n¥D forehead, *iKl3f neck, tpy neck, H2 mouth, 2pp heel, 3JT tail. 

(j) The exceptions to the principles here given are very numerous, great variation 
existing in the usage of the language. 

REFERENCES FOR STUDY. 

Gen.l:16 (H^DD) 2b. Isa. 31:5 (11330 •* 2a. 

Gen. 20:12 (mnN) 2a. Jer.7:18 .la. 

Gen. 22:24 (BttVfl) 2a. Jer. 49:17 (D1K) 2c. 

Gen. 24:43 (naSj;) 2a. Amos 3:10 3a. 

Ex. 1:21 (DH 1 ?) lc. Zech. 5:10 (HDH) lc 

Ex. 7:17 (cf. Isa. 7:7) 3a. Ps.l:6qYl) 2c. 

Ex. 9:29, 33; 15:5 ..la. Ps. 12:4 (HI hi J) 3b. 

Ex.29:9(mriD) 2b. Ps. 22:29 (HDl^D) 2b. 

Lev. 5:7 Oin) lb. Ps. 42:2 (V^) lb. 

1 Sam. 9:24 (pW) 2c. Ps.45:5 3b. 

ISam. 10:9 (cf. Josh. 24:17) la. Ps. 45:10 fyffl) 2a. 

1 Sam. 17:6 (nn^D) 2b. Ps. 77:17 la. 

2 Sara. 19:27 niDn) lb. Ps. 102:8 ("11330 2a. 

lKgs. 11:5 (Cr^K) lb. Prov.8:6 3b. 

2Kgs.2:24 Q*1) : lb. Prov. 8:30 (|1DK) lc. 

Isa. 7:6 (miiT) 2c. Job 1:14 (DiTT) lc 

Isa. 9: 13 0133) 2b. Job 42:15 la. 

Isa. 10:14 la. Neh. 6:12 (HKUJ) 2b. 



I 3.] BY AN INDUCTIVE METHOD. 17 

3. Number. 

1. a. D*O n days; Q*"l j^iD 2 seasons; *JJjp 3 faces of; HHk 4 stflw*. 

b. "1D-1 oscew; D"TN mankind; HIT") tt caravan; ^^ j#ee£. [7iear£. 

|t t t t t : | • t: 

o. t^'iO £^N 5 ^en/ raara; D*5<3 0*?^ 6 ma7l 2/ ditches; *fy\ ^ 7 dowWe 

2. a. 0*12$ heavens; D*33 /ace, surface; Q*ft water; F\VF\fl}r\ s lower 

parte o/ $e ear^A. Ull^iil 12 foolishness. 

0. D^n? 9 virginity; D'lHN 10 loveliness; DHI^ 11 childhood; 
c D*lf7N ^a 7 ; D^"lp 13 ^Hbfy; tf-ftf iortf; nlBrD 14 hippopota- 

■ v: J: x -: ■• : 

3. £"|P5 s ^ l ' er i 0*5D5 15 P^ eces of silver; If]} tree, D^i*^ 16 wood. [mus. 
DH*D 17 toZcwfe, ni^OS 18 ^aves; DWS 19 footsteps, HiDl^) 20 feet 
(artif.). 

4. ^H m^jl 21 Aeroes of valor; nfcK J"V2 22 families; Q^K ^2 23 *ona 

■j~ •• t : 

o/ GW; DH^VJ? ^*3 24 toV idol-houses. 

5. a. D^tN cars; 0*5N nostrils; D^tKD pair o/ scales, O^VH sandals. 
6. D W 25 period o/ too days; DH3? 26 fioo foZerafe; DHJ7J 27 too 

c D*Jt^ too; O^iDD 28 double; D^Q^K too thousand. [rivers. 

1. The plural-idea is indicated in one of three ways : — 
a. By means of plural affixes (Q* , ♦ , flU 

6. By means of words which have a collective signification (§ 1.). 
c. By the repetition of a word with or without a connective 01 (§ 6. 3). 

2. The plural-termination is often employed in Hebrew in the desig- 
nation of ideas for which in other languages the singular is employed : — 

a. Portions of space or time, "their unity being regarded as a com- 
pound of an immense number of single particles or dates." 

o. Abstract ideas, the particular quality or condition contained in 
the stem being thus heightened or intensified ; b c closely connected with 
these are 



i Gen. 1:14. 


ii Gen. 46:34. 


20 Ex. 25:12. 


2 Gen. 1:14. 


12 Eccl. 1:17, 2:12. 


2i IChron. 7:2,9. 


3 Gen. 1:2. 


i3Hos. 12:1. 


22 Num. 1:2. 


4 Gen. 1:14. 


14 Job 40:15. 


23 Ps. 29:1. 


sPs. 87:5. 


is Gen. 42:25. 


24 1 Sam. 31:9. 


6 2Kgs. 3:16. 


is Gen. 22:3. 


25 Ex. 16:29. 


"?Ps.l2:3. 


i7 2Kgs. 5:23. 


26 2Kgs. 5:23. 


slsa.44:23. 


is Judg. 8:5J 


27 Gen. 24:10. 


9 Lev. 21:13. 


is Ps. 119:133. 


28 Job 11:6. 


loProv. 5:19. 







18 HEBREW SYNTAX [g 3. 

c. Ideas of power and greatness, in which the plural magnifies or 
increases the original idea. d 6 

3. The plural form of certain nouns often conveys a different shade 
of meaning from the singular ; and, further, the feminine plural of a noun 
is sometimes used in a different sense from the masculine plural/ 

4. The pluralizing of compound ideas is accomplished . either- by 
pluralizing the first of two nouns, or the second, or both. 

5. The dual was, in use, limited to 

a. Things which in nature exist in pairs,0 or are made double by art. 

b. Objects which are regarded as going together, especially measures 
of time or quantity. 

c. A few numerals, and anomalous forms. 71 

REMARKS. 

(a) This repetition indicates in some cases entirety; in others, distribution; in still 
others, multitude, or diversity. 

(b) It is important to note the close connection, (1) between the abstract and the 
collective, both being frequently expressed by the feminine ; and (2) between the ab- 
stract and the plural, the latter expressing in its totality that quality which is com- 
mon to all the units of which it is composed. 

(c) The plural form of abstracts often expresses " a high degree of a given quality 
or repeated exhibitions and embodiments of it." 

(d) The use of this plural (called the plural of majesty) is limited to a few words and 
in construction these words are generally treated as singular. 

(e) Compare the plurals in the mouth of God, e. g. Gen. 1:26; 11:7; Isa. 6:8. 

(f) In poetry feminine plurals are found instead of masculine, without any differ- 
ence of meaning. 

(a) The names of double members of the body often have a feminine plural termi- 
nation instead of a dual, but only when they have been transferred to inanimate 
objects. 

(h) Irregular are (1) riW3.fr "instead of DW3fr(Ps. 45:3; Is. 59:3); (2) DWDn two 
walls (2 Kgs. 25:4), and (3) DTinS deck [double] (Ezek, 27:5). 

4 

REFERENCES FOR STUDY. 

Gen.2:9 (D"!"!) ...2b. Gen. 49:13 (DW 2a. 

Gen. 4:10 (CDn) 3 Ex. 8:10 (D^an DIDtl) .' 1*. 

Gen. 11:10 (DT\JB0 5b. Ex. 9:32 (nDTl)..... 3 

Gen. 11:23 (D^ND) 5c, Ex. 16:12 (D 1 ^*)^) 5b. 

Gen. 14:10 (m&O m«3) lc. Ex. 26:17 (HIT) 5a. 

Gen. 21:2 (D^pT) 2b. Ex. 29:12 (fimp) 5a. 

Gen. 32:17m;; *nj;) lc. Ex. 29:36 (Dn33)....' 2b. 

Gen. 37:34 (D^na) 5a. Le-. 12:5 (WjfZVf) 5b. 

Gen. 39:10 (DV DV) lc. Lev, 23:40 (ni3D) 5a. 

Gen. 42:30 (DT1K) 2c. Num. 5:15 Cnittip) " 2b, 

Gen. 43:16 ann^) 5b. Deut. 8:6(CWlVl) 5a. 

Gen. 43:30 (D^m) 2b. Deut. 8:8 (fnyBO 3 

Gen. 49:12 (0-JB?) 5a. Deut. 12:23 (D"l) '. 3 



I 4.] BY AN INDUCTIVE METHOD. 19 

Deut. 24:6 (DTP) :...5a. Jer. 12:13 (DW) 3 

Deut. 25:13 (p*0 pK) lc. Joel 4:14 1c. 

Deut. 32:7 Omn) lc - Zech. 3:9 (D^ nj?3tW 5a. 

Deut. 32:7 (niD , > 3 Ps. 5:7 (D'Df) 3 

Judg.5:22 : lb. Ps. 68:18 (DTJUI) 5e. 

1 Sam. 19:13 (D^nn).. 2c. Ps. 90:10 (fiUtf) 3 

1 Sam. 19:16 (JWjnD) 2a. Ps. 90:10 (nniOJ) 26. 

1 Sam. 22:7 ryD" ^3) • • 4= Pro v. 20:10 lc. 

lKgs. 7:49^1^0) 5a. Prov. 28:6 (DOT!) 56. 

2Kgs.l7:29(niD3n JV2) 4 Job 16:19 (D^nD) 2a. 

Isa. 1:3(0^^3) 2c. Cant. 5:5 (ni£D) 5a. 

Isa.6:2(nr£UD WW) 5a. Ruth 1:22 (DniJW) 3 

Isa. 7:20 (D ,L ?;0) 5a. Ruth 3:4 (m^JOD) 2a. 

Isa. 11:12 (m3ID) 5a. Eccl. 5:7 (D^ilU) 2c. 

Isa. 19:4 (D^nX) 2c. Eccl. 12:1 (*prD) 2c. 

Isa. 42:22 (D-kSd Tn) 4 1 Chron. 7:5 (D'Vfl Ml) 4 

Isa. 49:20 (Q^DW) 26. 1 Chron. 12:33 ....lc. 

Isa,54:5C]"^) 2c. 

4. Determination of Nouns. 



1. a. DnyD Egypt; p^PT Hebron; fTp Sarah; Qinfl 
6. 'DJK I; tit this; »fl «?Ao? 03 ^2/ w»> but fitM DWT 

|t v • * : v _ — 

2. a. ^tf fftj^e ^o«se of God; D*DN fitJW ^ wt/e of Air am; *£3 

vJOt^* ^ e s 0^ s of Israel. 

•■ t : • 

I. *JDtf * W 1 *Ae affliction of my people; DD>DD£> *£W) 2 ^ Aeacfo 

o/ 2/owr tribes. [war. 

c - D1D^n Dt# 3 ^ e ?iame o/ ^7*e place; nDfY?J!Dn *B^K* ^ e we ^ °/ 

1. Certain nouns are in their very nature definite, and require no sign 
to indicate their definiteness ; these are 

a. Proper names which were not originally appellatives, and words 
in which the appellative force, originally existing, has almost or entirely 
been lost, a 

b. All pronouns (except the Demonstrative when attributive), and 
pronominal suffixes P c # 

2. Nouns may become definite (or determinate) by position or con^ 
struction, 6 as in the case of 

a. Nouns in the construct state before a proper noun. 

b. Nouns in the construct state before a noun with a suffix. 

c. Nouns in the construct state before a noun with the article. 



i Ex. 3:7, ? Deut. 1:15, 3 ^en. 28:19. 4 Deut. 2:14, 



20 HEBREW SYNTAX [g 4. 

REMARKS. 

(a) In many cases the usage varies; e. g. Iph} (Num. 32:1), l})hxn (Gen. 31:21 ff.). 

(b) A noun with a suffix is definite and does not receive the article; exceptions are 
seen in Lev. 27:23; Josh. 7:21; 8:33; 2 Kgs. 15:16; Mic.2:12. 

(c) The Infinitive, being essentially a verbal form, never receives the article; JTJH 
knowledge, really a substantive is an exception (as in Gen. 2:9, 17). . 

(d) The following words, archaic and poetic, never receive the article: (1) rnX 
God, (2) |p prince, (3) n& field, (4) ^p the Almighty, (5) bl'Ktf underworld, (6) S^JPl world, 
(7) DfiW abyss, (8) rPEftfl fteZp. 

(e) Every noun in a chain of several constructs is definite, provided the last noun 
in the chain is for any reason (§ 4. 1. a. b) definite. 

3. a. DVn 1 to-day; i"|7* /J7 2 this night; O^Btl 3 this time. 

b. VWVT* &e expanse; tl^fttl 5 the ark; JltS^NlT 8 ^ e woman; 

**- J" T|T T " " T • |T 

"IJfi ^Jl K 1 ? 1^ ^KTT 7 ^ maw w/io toA rco£ wa7/M, etc. 
n/ONQn"TlJO jy^JTnN 8 the fire and the knife (required for 
the sacrifice). 
v. ^p ta ir7"ilK1 O^DJTflN 9 the horses and the chariots (of the enemy). 
fl^Vn npDV aweZ «Ae £oo& £Ae ve^7 (usually worn by women). 

d. ^l^jDn 11 the Canaanite; ^1!"tfl 73&fi 12 the sword devours; 
IMS 13 like oxen; DH^H tlT't^VD 'WiO 14 a* bees do; 

Jt t - : - t jv «:T~ v -:|- 

^OH/ *")Df"TrJ 15 s&e /or mortar; Stlltl 16 gold; 

... I - T •• - T T - 

■D**)1JD3 17 wi$. blindness; Uw^ftl) JlDNil 18 ^rwtii and peace. 

e. JV3H 19 ^€ 7iowse; P^Njl 20 ^ ewfc; D^Jfil 21 ^ GW. 
WfT 22 O Aaroen/ 7l^?7 23 .BaaZ/ Hm 24 £pm*/ 

•J- T _ *-J— _ _ T 

CI^Dt^h 25 ^ Aeewerc; fc> WH 26 ^ *w&; JHKfi 27 ^ ear% 

•J - T _ V JV _ ) V-JT T 

fjjjpn 28 Lebanon (= the white); PTl^H 28 Jordan (= tfAe descender). 

f. DiDJl 30 ^«* which encompasses; D^lltO^n 31 ^y w7k? £rws£. 



- 


' - '•:-■-■ 


man" 

T-JT _ 


{she) that hath come; (WDvilil 83 they who wax 

: |t v 


i Gen. 4:14. 


12 2 Sam. 11 :25. 23 1 Kgs. 18 :26. 


2 Gen. 19:5. 


lslsa. 11:7. 24Ezek.37:9. 


3 Gen. 29:35. 


i4Deut.l:44. 25 Gen. 1:1. 


4 Gen. 1:7. 


is Gen. 11 :3. 26 Gen. 15 :12. 


6 Gen. 6:14. 


16 Gen. 2:11. 27 Gen. 1:1. 


6 Ex. 2:9. 


it Gen. 19:11. 28 1 Kgs. 5:20,23. 


IPs. 1:1. 


is Zech. 8:19. 29 Gen. 13:10. 


s Gen. 22:6. 


isMic. 3:12. so Gen. 2:11. 


slKgs. 20:21. 


20 Ex. 25:14. si p s . 125:1. 


io Gen. 24:65. 


21 Gen. 5:22. 32 Gen. 18:21. 


n Gen. 13:7. 


22 Deut. 32 :1. ss Josh. 10 :24. 



I 4.] BY AN INDUCTIVE METHOD. 21 

3, Nouns, not determinate in themselves or by position, may be made 
determinate by prefixing the article. The article, as thus employed, may 
be classified and named as follows : — 

a. The demonstrative, which was the original use, but is now found 
only in a few stock expressions. 

b. The objective, including those cases in which the article occurs 
with an object or person, 

(1) which has just been described in the narrative ; or 

(2) which is described by words (particularly, a relative clause) 
which immediately follow ; or 

(3) which is defined more or less closely by the circumstances 
involved in the particular case. 

c. The subjective, used with nouns which, though in no way de- 
scribed, are definite in the writer's mind and, consequently, supposed 
to be so in the mind of the reader. a 

d. The generic, used with words which describe a class of objects, or 
several objects of a class ; here may be noted, 

(1) the more general use of the generic article "with a common 
appellative, which is used collectively to denote all, or an in- 
definite number of, the individuals belonging to it ;" 

(2) its special use in comparisons, when the object compared is 
taken as a class and not as an individual ; 

(3) its special use, also with nouns of material and class-nouns, 
which are generally known and employed in a general sense ; b 

(4) its special use with abstract nouns, employed in their widest 
significance. 

e. The distinctive, used to convey the idea of pre-eminence, as when 

(1) a particular object, of a certain class, is made to have a pre- 
eminence over all other objects in that class ; or 

(2) a noun in the vocative is, by its use, made more pointed ; or 

(3) a particular object or individual is emphasized as being the 
only one in a class ; or 

(4) a proper name, originally an appellative, continues to retain 
the article which it first received because it was regarded (see 
(1) above) as the chief member of its class (cf. \ 4. 1. a). G 

f. The relative, which, when prefixed to the participle (and, rarely^ 
to a finite form), has the general force of a relative pronoun. 

REMARKS. 

(a) In these eases the idea may often be well expressed by the employment of an 
unemphatic possessive pronoun. 



22 HEBREW SYNTAX [§ 5. 

(b) With this may be compared cases like D ,l 72n (Gen. 14:13), n^H (1 Sam. 17:34), 
DHD1 HD33 njpDU (Gen. 13:2), in which the individual, though really indeterminate, 
is to be represented as being made definite by the context. 

(c) In the case of many such nouns the usage varies. 

REFERENCES FOR STUDY. 

Gen. 2:11 3e. lKgs. 8:1; 20:15 2 

Gen. 13:2; 14:13; 15:11; 41:42 3d. lKgs. 20:21 3b. 

Gen. 16:7; 28:19 2 2Kgs.l8:15 3 

Gen. 24:65, 66; 26:8 3b. Isa.l:18; 10:14; 22:18; 29:21; 40:31; 42:13 

Gen.21:3 3/. 49:18 3d. 

Gen.30:15, 20 3a. Isa.9:2 3c. 

Gen. 31:21 Onjri) 3e. Isa.9:12; 27:6; 28:16 3/. 

Gen. 47:31. 3c. Isa,10:2,12 2 

Ex.2:14,15; 3:2,5; 7:18,21 3b. Jer.l3:l,2 3b. 

Ex. 2:15; 3:2 3c. Jer.46:9 3e. 

Ex. 8:1 3d. Hos.l4:6,7,8 3d. 

Ex. 9:27 3a. Joel l:14(pKH) 3e. 

Ex. 20:12; 21:5; 22:3 3b. Mic.4:9 3d. 

Num. 14:45; 21:23; 23:14,28 3c. Zech. 3:1 (jtttyn) >3e. 

Num. 22:32 3c. Zech. 3:5 3b. 

Deut. 2:4 3b. Zech. 3:8 3e. 

Deut.4:l; 21:3,4; 22:19 2 Zech. 8:19.... .. 3d. 

Deut. 8:14 3/. Mai. 2:5 3d. 

Josh.4:19; 12:2,5,9 3e. Ps 19:11; 103:4; 104:3 3/. 

Josh. 15:47 (D'H) 3e. Ps. 49:15 3d. 

1 Sam. 1:3 3b. Job 5:10 3/. 

1 Sam. 12:17 3a. Job 28:12 3d. 

ISam. 17:34 3d. Eccl.3:17; 10:18 3d. 

2 Sam. 14:4 3c. Ezra8:25; 10:14, 17 3/. 

2 Sam. 19:27 3b. IChron. 26:28 3/. 

lKgs.l:47 3c. 

5. Determination of Nouns (cont.). 

I- HDn^Dn ^'SR 1 the men of war; N^fi *"D1 2 the prophet's word. 

t t :■-••: - ■ t - - ■ : 

«• *1V1i7 7-D 3 the whole generation; D^fl ^D 4 all the people; 

*")*Q5 /3 5 every first-born; rj^"73 6 every tree, 
o. ^P*rr|3 7 the Benjamite; *>t$!i?tl TV? 8 the Bethlehemite. 

2. ^IIH "HKftrr 9 the great luminary; rf?Njl DH^M 10 these things; 

T - T - VJ" T # T : _ 

Wl&n Di ni the seventh day; frOH lY?*^ 12 in that night. 

3. HUN ^D 13 a basket; HHK t£*N 14 « man; IrTN N>3J 15 a prophet. 



i Num. 31:49. e Lev. 19:23. u Gen. 2:2. 

2 Jer. 28:9. 7 Judg. 3:15. 12 Gen. 19:33. 

2 Ex. 1 :6. si Sam. 17 :58, is Ex. 29 :3. 

4 Ezek. 45:16. 9 Gen. 1:16. 14 Judg. 13:2. 

6 Ex. 13:2. xo Gen, 15:1. 15 1 Kgs. 20:13, 



g 5.] BY AN INDUCTIVE METHOD. 23 

4. J^INfOyD 1 hmgs of the earth; ^Ip^ ffilN 2 ^ e morning comes. 

1. An idea, expressed by means of two nouns in the construct rela- 
tion, is made definite by prefixing the article to the second noun. a& 
Worthy of notice, however, is 

a. (1) The use of the article after 73, when this word means all or 

whole. 
(2) The absence of the article after vO, when it means any or 
every. 

b. The use of the article with the second part of a compound word. 

2. An adjective or demonstrative pronoun, connected attributively 
with a definite noun, must be marked as definite by having the article 
prefixed.^ 

3. Indefiniteness is expressed by the numeral "Tf7K> rarely, however, 
and chiefly in later writers. 6 

4. The article may be omitted in poetry, when in prose it would be 
required ; this omission is explained by the brevity, vividness and em- 
phasis characteristic of poetic style. 

REMARKS. 

(a) When the first of two nouns expressing- one idea is to he marked as indefinite, 
a construction with the preposition 7 is employed (§ 9. 5). 

(b) On the occurrence of the article with the first of two nouns in the construct 
relation, see § 9. 2. 

(c) Compare the similar usage of irag all or every. 

(d) There are not a few exceptions to this, the article being sometimes omitted 
from the noun, sometimes from the attributive. 

(e) This numeral is sometimes found in the construct relation with the noun 
which it limits (cf . Job 2:10) ; its use with things is more rare than with persons 

REFERENCES FOR STUDY. 

Gen. 1:31; 10:12; 19:25; 28:19; 30:16; 1 Sam. 2:23; 14:29; 17:12 2 

32:23 2 lSam.l6:18 W. 

Gen.7:21; 26:4 la. 2Sam.6:3; 12:4 2 

Gen. 23:19 1 lKgs. 19:4 3 

Ex. 20:4 la. Isa.l:5; 13:7; 28:24 la. 

Lev.7:27; 14:45 la. Isa.l0:l; 24:12 4 

Num. 9:7 2 Neh.l:5 4 

Num.35:23 la. Hab.l:4 4 

Deut.l:35; 9:6; 11:7 2 Zech. 14:15 la. 

Deut. 11:12 4 Ps.l2:8 2 

Josh. 3:13 la. Ps. 72:17; 148:10.. 4 

Judg. 6:11 1Z). Job 9:24 4 

1 Sam. 1:1 3 Dan. 8:3, 13 3 



IPs. 2:2. 2lsa.21:12. 



24 HEBREW SYNTAX [g 6. 

6. Apposition of Nouns. 

1. a. Jlfiy'fTJn ^D^n 1 tiie occe?i £Ae 5rass = $e brazen oxen; 7^DDn 

v j : - |t t - 

D*£? 2 = &w deluge (of) water. {offerings. 

b. riDK D**")DN 3 words, truth = true words; D*D"7t# ; D*I"Q? 4 peace- 

v v: • t _ : ■ t : • t : 

c - D?i? P*)Ni"F 5 ^e Zcmd(of) Canaan; rDiD ^HiUl 6 the river Euphrates 
d. n^O/N nt^'N 7 a woman, a widow; 3t5Mf Kt^l 8 greenness, herb. 

T t : - T • V ?" V -JY 

6. *")£DD 0*D* 9 <^a?/5, a number; Q*ft* DTOt^' 10 £wo years, time. 

t : ■ • t • t "J- t : 

2. HDD D*KD t^' 5 ?^' 11 ^rce seafts, meaZ; D*JD* il^fc^ 12 a friad, day*. 

- J jv • : : • t x : 

D^ltf J^l^ 13 seve?i years; D**"]J^ Jlfl^lJ 1 * a?l ephah, barley. 

3. a. TKft HNM 15 *» A<fl* degree, high degree; Hli^ Hii^ 16 proudly, 

: : • t : t : 

proudly. {generation. 

b. t^yytf n^5^' 17 se?;eri % seven; ^"l *"H/P 18 /rom generation to 
c> Jl'lK^ il ; 'lN3 19 many wells; D*5/? E*-M 20 man V ditches. 
d. n*)3 ^13 /TUn IH^Jl 21 the #rea£ m;er, fAe rzVer Euphrates. 

t : _ : t - t t - 

Apposition, because of a scarcity of adjectives, and a desire for brev- 
ity, is of much more frequent occurrence, and of far wider range in He- 
brew, than in languages generally. The various kinds of apposition may 
be grouped as follows : — 

1. Cases in which the first of two nouns contains the principal idea, 
the second being added for fuller explanation . ab Here belong the instan- 
ces in which 

a. The first noun denotes a thing, the second, the material of which 
that thing is composed. 

b. The first noun denotes a thing, the second, a quality of it. 

c. The first noun denotes a person or thing, the second, its name. c 

d. The first noun denotes a genus, the second, a species; or the sec- 
ond gives a more precise idea than the first. 

e. The first noun denotes a thing, the second, the number, weight, 
or measure of it. d e 



i 2 Kgs. 16:17. s Gen. 1:12. u Gen. 17:2. 

2 Gen. 6 :17. 9 Deut. 4 :27. ie 1 Sam. 2 :3. 

s Prov. 22:21. io Gen. 41:1. « Gen. 7:2. 

4 Ex. 24:5. n Gen. 18:6. is Ex. 17:16. 

6 Num. 34:2. 12 1 Sam. 30:12. " Gen. 14:10*. 

6 1 Chron. 5:9. is Gen. 5:7. 20 2 Kgs. 3:16. 

t 2 Sam. 14 :5\ i* Ruth 2 :17. 21 Gen. 15 :18. 



§ 6.] BY AN INDUCTIVE METHOD. 25 

REMARKS. 

(a) Where the first noun is definite, and the second indefinite, the latter may be 
regarded as an accusative of limitation (ef. § 40. 2); cf. 1 Chron. 28:18; Ps. 11 :7; Hab. 
3:8; Lev. £6:42; Jer. 33:2. 

(l>) The appositional relation is, at times, so loose that one or more words may 
stand between the nouns thus connected. 

(c) Sometimes the "name" is the first noun (Isa. 37:2); if the "name" is the sec- 
ond noun and a preposition stands before the first, the preposition must be repeated 
before the second (Gen. 24:4; cf. Gen. 22:20). 

(d) For all these cases, there are parallel cases in which, by the introduction of 
a copula, a complete sentence is formed; cf . Gen. 1:2; 11:1; 14:10; 47:9; Ex. 9:31; 
Deut. 33:6; 2 Sam. 17:3; Isa. 5:12; 19:11; Jer. 24:2: Ezek. 45:11; Ps. 23:5; 45:9; 110:3. 

(e) While nouns like Sd all, W there is, and j'K there is not generally stand in the 
construct relation with what follows, they sometimes stand in apposition with a follow- 
ing, and rarely with a preceding, noun. 

2. Cases in which the second word conveys the principal idea, the first 
marking the measure, weiglit,. or number of it. ab 

3. Cases in which the first word is simply repeated. [Here belong 
those instances in which the second word is a pronoun repeating a pre- 
ceding noun, or a noun repeating a preceding pronoun (whether expressed, 
or implied in a verbal form) (see 2 11.1. a).] The appositional repetition 
serves 

a. To express emphasis, intensity. 

b. To express distribution, entirety. 

c. To express multitude. 

d. To afford an opportunity for the addition of a new idea without 
rendering the construction faulty. 6 

REMARKS. 

(a) In the great majority of cases under this head, the construct relation may be 
employed (§ 8. 2). 

(b) It is probable that the second noun, in these cases, is an accusative of limita- 
tion (§ 40. 5), rather than in apposition. 

(c) The two constructions, apposition and annexion (i. e., the construct relation), 
are closely related. In the expression of many ideas the one or the other may be 
used according to choice. Apposition was the earlier construction, and out of it grew 
annexion, 

REFERENCES FOR STUDY. 

Gen. 6:17 la. Ex. 8:10 3c. 

Gen.9:4; 39:1,2 Id. Ex.9:8; 16:32 2 

Gen. 10:21 3a. Ex. 16:5; 23:30 3b. 

Gen. 22:20; 24:4 1c. Ex. 25:35; 36:4 3b. 

Gen. 25:30; 35:14 3d. Ex. 27:16; 29:40 le. 

Gen.32:17 3b. Ex,28:17; 39:17 la. 

Ex. 1:19 Id. Lev. 6:13 lb. 



26 HEBREW SYNTAX [§ 7. 

Num. 5:15 3 lKgs. 7:13 la. 

Num. 7:13; 15:4,6 la. lKgs. 18:32 3 

Num. 15:4-7 le. 3 Kgs. 3:4 2 

Num. 17:17,31 35. Isa.6:3 3a. 

Num. 31:14 ""le. Isa.l0:7 le. 

Num. 38:13 3b. Isa. 30:20 la. 

Deut. 3:27; 38:43 3a. Isa.37:3 lc. 

Deut. 3:5 la. Jer. 7:4 3a. 

Deut. 32:23 Id. Jer.l0:10; 25:15 15. 

Deut. 34:5 lc. Ezek. 16:27 lb. 

Josh. 13:5 lc. Ezek. 21:14 3d. 

Judg. 5:30 35. Ezek. 21:32 3a. 

Judg.5:22 3a. Ezek. 34:6..., 35. 

1 Sam. 3:1; 4:1 lc. Joel 4:14 3c. 

1 Sam. 25:24 3a. Zech.l:13 15 

2 Sam. 10:7 15. Ps. 120:2 15." 

2 Sam. 17:5 3a. Neh.2:ll , lc. 

2 Sam. 34:24 le. lChron.9:32 ....35. 

lKgs. 4:1 lc. 

. | 7. The Nominative Absolute. 

i. naarttt rf? rrty m# nm t^k pan 1 the Iand u ^ on wMch 

tjv : v J: t -i - . t •• t - v -: J v-it t 

thou art lying, — to thee will I give it. 
2. D3fD3 W£ti ilDt&tl ^3 D3^' 2 Shechem my son,— his soul hath 

■/:•: :- |t : |t • : v : 

longed for your daughter* 

3- D^H^K iT3 1/ n^^O $W?1 3 the man Micah, — to him was a house 

... .. T . . T 

of God. 
4. tlflK VV*"0 nil*! $ 4^ 4 ^~~i >e ^°l^ m V covenant is with thee. 

5. nnm tf? mh nm-im pKn-^-nK 5 <m the land which 

tj .• : v | : v t - v -: | vjt t t 

thou seest — to thee I will give it. 

6. D*rf?#p Kin mrr 6 fa^a, he is the God ; m^m Kin rrrr 7 

Yahweh, He is Ais inheritance; $&}?] Kin Din 8 ^ blood, THAT is 
<Ae Zi/e. 
7. Dn D'lD^ttf rfpKft Ws^^Tf these men— they are at peace; 

.... ,._,.. T • T -:|t 

Kin nnK n^H? Dl^fl 10 the dream of Pharaoh — it is one; [holy. 
Kin t^~!p DipDn 11 the place (upon which thou standest) — it is 

i Gen. 28:13. 4 Gen. 17:4. 1 Deut. 10:9. 10 Gen. 41:25. 

2 Gen. 34:8. s Gen. 13:15. 8 Deut. 12:23. u Josh. 5:15. 

a Judg. 17 :5. el Kgs. 18 :39. 9 Gen. 34 :31. 



I 7.] BY AN INDUCTIVE METHOD. 27 

For the sake of emphasis, and for the avoidance of unwieldy sentences, 
a noun or pronoun is frequently placed at the beginning of the sentence 
with no grammatical relation to the other words of the sentence, but rep- 
resented in the body of the sentence by a pronominal suffix. This noun 
or pronoun is said to be a Nominative Absolute. The various cases may 
be classified as follows : — 

1. Where this nominative absolute is, logically, the object of the sen- 
tence. 

2. "Where it is, logically, the subject of the sentence. 

3. Where it is, logically, the object of a preposition occurring farther 
along in the sentence. 

4. Where it is a pronoun, and is, logically, the subject or object of the 
sentence, or a genitive after a noun. 

5. Where it is preceded by j")K, the sign of the object. 

6. Where, standing as the logical subject, it is resumed by the pro- 
noun JOi7, which then, though really the grammatical subject of the fol- 
lowing predicate, is practically equivalent to a copula. 

7. A similar usage to that just given, except that the pronoun folloivs, 
instead of preceding, the predicate. 

REFERENCES FOR STUDY. 

Gen. 2:14, 19; 9:18 6 lSam.9:13; 25:29 5 

Gen. 15:2; 42:6 6 1 Sam. 12:23 4 

Gen. 21:13 1, 5 2 Sam. 23:6 2 

Gen. 24:27; 42:11 4 2 Kgs. 9:27 5 

Gen. 26:15 1 Isa.l:7 1 

Gen. 47:21 5 Isa. 1:13 7 

Gen. 48:7; 49:8 4 Isa. 9:1; 15:7 1 

Gen. 30:33; 31:16 7 Isa.9:14; 33:6 6 

Gen. 45:20; 47:6 7 Isa. 11:10; 19:17 3 

Lev. 3:4 5 Isa. 13:17 3 

Lev. 7:7, 33 3 Isa. 41:29 2 

Deut. 2:23; 7:15 1 Isa. 42:3; 53:4 1 

Deut. 14:27 1 Isa. 49:21 7 

Deut. 18:14 3 Isa. 51:22 5 

Deut. 32:4 4 Jer. 13:27 1 

Deut. 33:17 3 Ps.46:5 2 

Josh.5:15; 6:19 7 Ps. 90:10 3 

Josh. 9:12 1 Job 17:15... 1 

lSam.3;ll 2 Job 22:8 3 






28 HEBREW SYNTAX [§ 8. 

8. ANNEXION; OR THE CONSTRUCT RELATION. 

1. a. DD*T E5D 1 cruelty of {= done by) your hands; D"lN(7 3/> ^¥? 2 

tf7ie imagination of mans heart; DlD^t^ 3 2/ owr /cow ( = which you 
have); 1 j^J^3 4 Az-s vexation. 
h. fi^ 5 ? DDfT crweZty of {= done to) Lebanon; ^N^' D^p^ 6 report 
about Saul; DD^H 7 / mr °/( = concerning) you; DID Dpi?? 8 en/ 
concerning Sodom. 

2. a. DfWttf 9 #W *«jo (not, too of them); TVX^n Ottf' 10 ^ *wo Zwrai- 

«anes; D^Dtf 1 ? W' 11 *wo peoples; DH^f! t^G^ 12 ^e iAree cities. 

b. WrrtS 3 a^ (of) #« «ree(s); Di^B*' 21 14 mttcA (of) peace; 
5^jl H 15 ewo^A (of) milk; cf. also H^ ^Ot^ 18 all of Israel 

c. DtWrf? D^fl 1 ? 17 their food is for themselves; *D7* ^^Q 18 my pres- 

t : - -. t : - A" " _ t 

ewce {= I myself) shall go; JllH 01*17 Q5?^ 19 ^ a ^ ver # ^W DVI^ 

<2. llDpO TK 2i without number; niDI77lp PN 22 without war; ^3 
t^l^ 1 ? 23 toiYfcottf clothing; (TB^'D ^? 24 unanointed; '$&&) ^ 25 
unheard; 7K'K7 26 a non-God; J11D"/N 27 immortality; X*?^) 

Y-IT _ 

Pl^N 28 without enmity. 

T " 

«• fTliT *"D7 Di^ 29 orc ^e da?/ (that) Jehovah spake. 

t : : 

DDK ^iD 'Hnn *Q* 30 ^ cfays we walked with them. 

N*T& DV 31 ^ e ^2/ I fear; /"TOBO A3/ 32 ^ ie £*ww i(Aow wasZ broken. 

t • vjv : ■ ^v 

3. a. ^H^ri D7 33 the innocent blood; J777JI KU 34 « /ar^e ravine; j"V^l 

|t- t : " 

^1J1 35 a ?ar^e Aowse; HDD ^H 36 a *frwi0 /orce; Cl7D D1Dft 37 ^ 

T " T jr | : 

holy place; J/7 H^K 38 a &acZ woman; Jit9pi7 v3 39 ^ ie smallest vessels. 



IPs. 53:3. n Gen. 25:23. 21 Gen. 41:49. 3ip s .56:4. 

2 Gen. 8:21. 12 Num. 35:14. 22 1 Kgs. 22:1. 32 Ezek. 27:34. 

sProv. 1:26. is Gen. 1:29. 23 Job 24:10. 33 Deut. 19:13. 

■i Prov. 12 :16. 14 Ps. 37 :11. 24 2 Sam. 1 :21 . 34 Zech. 14 :4. 

5 Hab. 2:17. is Prov. 27:27. 25 p s . 19:4. 35 2 Kgs. 25:9. 

6 2 Sam. 4:4. ie2Sam.2:9. 26 Deut. 32:5, 17, 21. 36 2 Kgs. 18:17. 

7 Gen. 9:2. i7Hos.-9:4. 27 Prov. 12:38. 37Eccles. 8:10. 

8 Gen. 18:20. is Ex. 33:14. 28 Num. 35:22b. 3gp r ov.6:24. 

9 Gen. 2:25. 19 Gen. 7:13. 29 Ex. 6:28. 39 Isa. 22:24. 

10 Gen. 1:16. 20 Ex. 24:10. sol Sam. 25:15. 



§ 8.] BY AN INDUCTIVE METHOD. 29 

&• D^P ^Ap 1 / ew; people; D3PT ^fili 2 blood shed causelessly; 

^'ipp ^D^^ 3 a God from near; "l^PD nyi^ 4 continual offering. 
c. FHB *^n^ 5 ^ e rwer Euphrates; *y?n fcD^t^' 6 $e tfri&e of Levi. 
J. ^*n *1i^jl 7 a strong hero; ISty fi^^ 8 a wooden chest; 

t^"ip *"I33 9 ^°%/ garments; F|p5 *7 V^? 10 s ^ ver *V?o?s. 
e. D**D*7 tt^N 11 a» eloquent man; /Tiffin ^l^ 12 having dreams; 

• T • -: |- ^-J- 

7*H *33 13 S07ZS °/ strength; ft/* / S 14 *o» o/a night; 

•j- •■ : t :-i- I v 

n^tS^' JTiND t^Dn"?3 15 (Noah was) asow of five hundred years = 
7?i'e hundred years old. 
f D"lK ^D3 16 ^ anointed of men; D1K *3iON 17 the poor of men;, 

t t " • : t t •■ : v 

D1K fcO£? 18 ° ««7cZ ass o/ a man; T*J£1* N /I? 19 a wonder of a coun- 
sellor. 
4. a. j-IJHJ rip^n 20 toiWom mid knaioledge; JWQ ^ fTpE'. 21 

6. 3iK n^J/3 n£?K 22 a woman possessed of a spirit; J*j^ HJ fi 71D5- 23 

: (j-t v v t v - : t 

That relation between two nouns which is indicated in Latin or Greek 
by placing the second noun in the genitive, is expressed in Hebrew by 
pronouncing the two words as one. a As a result of this, the tone passes 
to the second word, and the first word is, if possible, shortened. This 
construction may for convenience be called annexionP The varieties of 
annexion may be classified as follows : — 

1. Cases in which the two nouns, thus joined, contain distinct ideas of' 
equal value ; this is seen 

a. When the second noun designates a person or thing which is the 
subject or possessor of that which is indicated by the preceding noun. c 

b. "When the second noun designates the object of an action or feel- 
ing expressed by the preceding noun. 

REMARKS. 

(a) The remnants of original case-endings are quite numerous (El. § 121. 1-3), but 
these remnants (except in the case of the accusative n_) no longer have any signi- 
fication. 



iDeut. 26:5. 8 Deut. 10:1. M Jon. 4:10. 2oIsa.33:6. 

2lKgs.2:31. 9 Ex. 28:2. is Gen. 5:32. 21 Isa. 51:21. 

3 Jer. 23 :23. 10 Isa. 2 :20. " Mic. 5 :4. 22 1 Sam. 28 :7. 

4 Num. 28:6. 11 Ex. 4:10. » Isa. 29:19. 2s Isa. 37:22. 

s Gen. 15 :18. 12 Gen. 37 :19. is Gen 16 :12. 24 1 Sam. 12 :3. 

6 Josh. 13:33. is Deut. 3:18. 19 Isa. 9:55. 25 Jer. 8:9. 
t JudflMUL 



30 HEBREW SYNTAX [§ 8. 

(b) A noun with a pronominal suffix is to be regarded, syntactically, as in annexion 
With that suffix. 

(c) Because of their inflexibility, proper names are seldom found in annexion with 
a following noun. In cases like DHBO Tltf Ur (city) of the Chaldees (Gen. 11:28), miT 
nifcO¥ Jehovah (God) of hosts, there is an ellipsis to be supplied (cf. 2 Sam. 5:10). 

2. Cases in which the second of two nouns, thus joined, is the more 
important, the first merely indicating its number, size, nature, etc.; this 
is seen, 

a. In the usage of numerals 2-10, which may stand in the construct 
state before the substantive which they number.^ 

b. In the usage of certain nouns, e. g., ^3 totality, *2T\ abundance, 
*1 sufficiency, which have almost come to have the force of adjectives.?? 

c. In the usage of certain commonly occurring nouns as "purely 
mental concepts," e. g., GJ^XS, DOS an d DVJ^ = se V ( tne nrst use( * °^ 
animate objects, the second of persons, the third of inanimate objects); cf. 
also *?1p = voice of= Hark! c d e 

d. In the usage of words designating the existence or non-existence 
of a nominal idea ; e. g., ffl there exists, pfr$ and ^^J non-existence (and 
in poetry, $?, *?$ and ^3) = without, in-, un-, -less;f 13 solitariness. 

e. In that usage which permits a noun expressing in a general way 
place, time, manner to stand in annexion with a following relative clause 
(in which, however, the relative may be omitted).^ 

REMARKS. 

(a) For other constructions which the numeral may have, see § 15. 1. b. 

(b) In reference to b'3 the following points may be noted: (1) It regularly precedes 
in the construct the noun it modifies (Isa. 2 :2), but (2) sometimes follows with the idea 
of the modified noun repeated in the form of a pronominal suffix (2 Sam. 2:9); and (3) 
rarely occurs with the article after a preceding noun in the construct state (Isa. 29:11). 

(c) For examples of this use of Sip, see Cant. 2:8; 5:2; Ps. 29:3-9 (?). 

(d) The common use of ty£)J with suffixes to express a reflexive idea is to be noted; 
e. g., 1&2) I myself, QW2} they themselves. 

(e) Compare also some of the indefinite uses of "D"! thing, for which, however, see 
the lexicon. 

(/) The use of ih and Stf in poetry to form a noun with an exactly opposite mean- 
ing to that conveyed by the noun itself, is not uncommon (cf. Deut. 32:5, 17, 21; Amos 
6:13). 

(0) See, more in detail, § 13. 2. 

3. Cases in which the first of two words, thus joined, is the more im- 
portant, the second merely indicating its character, number, size, or con- 
tents; this is seen, 

a. When the second word is an adjective. This use is late, and occurs 
chiefly in the case of a few common adjectives like vljl, jtOpi D1£0> JH« a 



§8.] BY AN INDUCTIVE METHOD. 31 

b. When the second word is an attributive word, whether noun, ad- 
verb or prepositional phrase. 

c. When the second word, a proper noun, is the name of the first 

d. When the second word is used "by circumlocution to describe a 
property of the first." This usage is very common on account of the 
scarcity of adjectives. 

e. When the second word, a neuter or abstract noun, is joined to a 
preceding general noun like J^Ki 7^3' ?3' ^3' denoting possessor, 
origin, derivation. 6 

f. When the second word designates the whole of which the first 
noun is a part;f or when the second word is a literal term, the first being 
figurative. d 

^ 4. Peculiar and rare is the occurrence of a construct, 

a. Before the conjunction *) and. 

b. With a noun which, in sense, is in apposition with it. 

c. Before the interrogative pronoun. 6 

REMARKS. 

(a) The adjective in this case is really treated like a neuter noun. Compare 
pD^n T the right hand, in which the word pp\ originally an adjective, has become a 
substantive. 

(6) Here, of course, the appositional construction is much more common. 

(c) Compare the peculiar cases of this construction seen in Isa. 5:11; Eccles. 12:11, 

(d) For cases in which three or more nouns are joined together by annexion, see 
Gen. 40:3; 47:9; Josh. 3:15; Judg. 9:1; Isa. 10:12, 

(e) The form inx (e. g., in 2 Sam. 17:22) is sometimes used as an absolute and not 
as a construct. 

(/) On the use of the preposition JD from to express the partitive idea, see the 
lexicon. 

REFERENCES FOR STUDY. 

Gen. 1:16.... lb. Deut.4:42; 32:6 2d. 

Gen.4:19; 5:8; 19:1; 22:3 2a. Deut. 19:18 3d. 

Gen.7:6; 14:13; 15:3; 37:3 Be. Deut.33:l Be. 

Gen. 8:5; 24:13; 43:11 3/. Deut.33:19 4b. 

Gen. 14:10 46. Josh. 9:13 2b. 

Gen. 15:18 3c. 1 Sam. 1:16; 20:31 Be. 

Gen. 17:23 2c. 1 Sam. 3:13 2e. 

Gen. 19:4; 31:8 26. 1 Sam. 5:12 la. 

Gen. 24:23 4c. 2 Sam. 16:8 Be. 

Gen.39:20; 40:3 2e. 2 Sam. 17:11 2c. 

Ex. 4:13 2c. 2 Sam. 20:19 46. 

Ex. 20:9; 26:3 2a. lKgs.l:52; 2:26 Be. 

Ex. 21:3; 24:14 Be. lKgs. 21:19 2e. 

Ex. 34:1; 38:30 M. Isa. 1:11.. 26. 

Num. 5:18 3a. Isa.5:9; 10:15 2d. 



32 HEBREW SYNTAX [I 9. 

Isa. 13:4 la. Ps. 2:9; 21:4; 36:13; 45:7 3d. 

Isa.22:4; 41:15; 53:3 3e. Ps.l7:8; 55:24; 72:4 36. 

Isa. 28:9 35. Ps.43:l 2d. 

Isa. 35:2 4a. Ps. 78:49 3a. 

Isa. 46:2 2c. Ps.81:6 2e. 

Jer. 22:12; 48:36 2e. Prov.l:7 lb. 

Jer. 44:28 .....4c. Prov.2:19; 24:25 3a. 

Jer. 48:41 3/. Prov.3:25; 26:2 35. 

Ezek. 1:1 3c. Prov.5:23 2d. 

Ezek. 13:2..... 35. Prov. 10:24 la. 

Ezek. 26:10 4a. Prov. 22:24 3e. 

Ezek. 27:6; 32:10 3e. Job 5:7; 11:2; 34:10; 41:20 3e. 

Ezek. 29:2 25. Job 6:14 15. 

Hos. 1:2 2c. Job 21:23 2c. 

Hos.3:l .la. Job 34:13 25. 

Amos 5:2 3c. Cant. 7:10 3a. 

Obad.l:10.. 15. Eccles. 1:13 3a. 

9. Annexion (continued). 

1. a. |K^ H j/""! 1 keeper of sheep; D*i*J? fi*TNp 2 enlightening the eyes; 

*>12$ ^5^ 3 consumers of my people; 1|^ *"Hi* 4 who go down to 

the dust. 
b. 0^117^ HDO 5 stricken of God; Q^ ^t^ 6 ^spised by the people; 

£"|pD~rOpp 7 bought with money; ^IPT *30 8 slain by the sword. 
c ng-153 9 slow of speech; ^1% ft WO 10 stiff of neck; D^D?^; 11 

iT?ni"l K113 12 fearful in praises; H^PPD VlD 13 dead in battle. 

: t t t : • •• •• 

2. a. QtfaTl ^5 14 f ace °fthe waters; £"|DV ?7fV3 15 to the house of Joseph, 
b. DS/D ^K^D^ 16 prophets out of their own heart; V37JQ ^IH 17 moun- 

tains in Gilboa; *j^ ^DiH 18 those trusting in him; tV2h P£D*p 19 on 
the right of the house, 
c- Vr\yy\ TH ^!D ^ sons and daughters of David ; 

It : • t •• 

P$7 TJ^NI D*S^r! ^n^ 20 * 7ie # ^ of heaven and earth, 
d. 'EHp-^n 21 ^3/ ^2/ MZ; nnton Vif?**-"]' 22 the good hand of 

:)t - t - t v: 

7«s GW; 7*11-1 D\3^N~7JJ 23 a great heap of stones. 



1 Gen. 4:2. 


7 Gen. 17:12. 


13 Isa. 22:2. 


19 Ezek. 10:3. 


2Ps. 19:9. 


s Jer. 18:31. 


14 Gen. 1:3. 


20 Gen. 34:3. 


3Ps. 53:5. 


9 Ex. 4:10. 


is Gen. 43:17. 


21 Ps. 3:6. 


4 Ps. 22:30. 


loDeut. 9:6. 


16 Ezek. 13:2. 


22 Ez. 7:9. 


5 Isa. 53:4. 


11 Job 9:4. 


17 2 Sam. 1:21. 


23 Josh. 7:2 


6Ps. 22:7. 


12 Ex. 15:11, 


is Ps. 2:12. 





2 9.] BY AN INDUCTIVE METHOD. 33 

1. Participles and adjectives are frequently joined by annexion with 
a following substantive. This is a closer construction than a following 
object-accusative or accusative of specification would be. Here may be 
noted, 

a. The usage in the case of active participles, in which the noun 
expresses the object of the action, or, as sometimes in poetry, the sphere 
in which the action is exerted." b 

b. The usage in case of passive participles, in which the noun ex- 
presses, sometimes the author of the action, sometimes the secondary 
agent or instrument. 

c. The usage in the case of adjectives (denoting a property or quality) 
in which the noun has the force of an accusative of limitation or specifi- 
cation. 

REMARKS. 

(a) Cases of the construct before Jlfrj! occur, e. g., Jer. 33:22. 

(b) The accusative rather than a genitive is used (1) after a participle or adjective 
when it (the participle) has the article, and (2) when a word is for any reason inserted 
between the participle and the word which would, otherwise, be in the genitive ; cf . 
Isa. 40 :20 ; Job 15 :10 ; 32 :6. . 

2. Words in annexion form one complex idea, and therefore cannot be 
separated by intervening words. Here are to be noted certain points : — 

a. The article and He locative everywhere form exceptions to the 
general law just given ; but aside from these only a few anomalous cases 
occur of the interposition of words. a 

b. Prepositions, particularly the shorter ones and especially in po- 
etry, quite frequently occur prefixed to the second of two nouns in annex- 
ion, thus defining more exactly the relationship existing between the two 
nouns.fr 

c. As one result of this inseparability, two or more nouns joined by 
" and " cannot stand in annexion with a single genitive ; but the genitive 
is employed with the first, and in the form of a suffix with the second ; cde 
while further, a single construct does not usually stand in annexion with 
two or more genitives, but is repeated with each/ 

d. As a second result of this inseparability, a word or suffix limiting 
the construct must be placed after the following genitive and not between 

the construct and the genitive.^ / 

■ - 
REMARKS. 
(a) S'3 all, having almost come to be an adjective, occasionally allows the inter- 
position of a wor«d before its genitive, e. g., 2 Sam. 1:9; other cases in which this is 
claimed to occur are capable of a different explanation; e. g., Job 27:3; Ps. 45:7; Isa. 
28:1; 36:9. Cf. also the bold poetic constructions in Gen. 49:11; Isa. 19:8; 22:16. 



34 HEBREW SYNTAX [g 9. 

(o) This is most frequent with participles of verbs which are regularly followed by 
a preposition, e. g., 3 HDT1 trust in; 3 pK? dwell in, etc. 

(c) Hence one may not say, "the sons and daughters of David," but " the sons oj 
David and his daughters ;" and it is better to say " the God of heaven and the God of earth" 
than '•'■the God of heaven and earth;" but see Gen. 14:19. 

(d) The same holds true of pronominal suffixes; instead of "his sons and daughters" 
one must say " his sons and his daughters." 

(e) Sometimes the suffix is omitted, or there is substituted for it the article, in, 
which case the absolute state is employed, e. g., Gen. 40:1. 

(/) Exceptions occur: (1) when the second of the two nouns joined by " and" is a 
repetition or a synonym of the first; and (2) in poe+ry where greater liberty is allowed, 
e. g., Job 20:17; Ezek. 39:4; 2 Sam. 20:19. 

(g) Whether the modifying word which follows two nouns in annexion limits the 
construct, or the genitive, or the complex idea expressed by both together must be 
determined from the agreement and from the context. When there would be mani- 
fest ambiguity, resort is had to a periphrastic construction (§ 9. 5.). 

3~ a. nDrfr/Dn ^^X 1 not men of the war, but the men of war. 

t t : • _ •• : _ 

o- D*Qt£fi"i l^p'") ^iD 2 the face of the expanse of the heavens. 

■ j- T - *- J- : • : 

iHK N""^ D*)i7X D/^3 3 m* the image of God he created him. 

t t ' v: '.'-iv : _ 

DD*£D^&y 't^'XI 4 the heads of your tribes. 

4. a. D*""0^ *"0,^ 5 a servant of servants, i. e. the lowest servant. 

*V?i7 *X*J20 X*t£0 6 the prince of the princes of Levi. [dwell. 

o. ?Dt^7 D vH-5 r^I?5 7 fa the most frightful of valleys they must 
D^p'l^l D/lJlp 8 from the greatest of them even to the least of 
them. 

5. a, rf?ti? tytW fW'3 9 fa the year two of the king. 

Wttitih nbll-yj? 10 a great city of God. 

•• t : ** 

^7£3*f7fcO ^f^K ?3 n one son °f Ahimelech. 
b. ^ttfw ?5 12 a son of Jesse. 

D^n^tOn *)&/ *l31^ 13 ol servant of the captain of the guard. 
HiDK 1 ? tWfrO 14 heads of fathers. 

t : • t 

^\Xi7 **lDtD 15 ol psalm of David. 

• t : : • 

| Vbtf ^X 1 ? | (1D 1G a priest of the most high God. 



i Num. 31:49. 5 Gen. 9:25. 9 Hag. 1:1. is Gen. 41: 12. 

2 Gen. 1:20. 6 Num. 3:32. io Jon. 3:3. 14 Neh. 11:13. 

3 Gen. 1:27. i Job 30: 6. a 1 Sam. 22:20. ifiPs. 3:1. 
4Deut. 1:15. 8 Jon. 3: 5. 12 1 Sam. 16:18. 16 Gen. 14:18. 



§9.] BY AN INDUCTIVE METHOD. 35 

c. TH 1 ? 1 (a psalm) of David. 

• t : 

DJ^nN 1 ? fipK 2 Amnon (son) of AMnoam. [the month. 

d. fcHfl 1 ? DV DHt^jfl n^5^3 3 o» *7ie seuen- and twentieth day of 
b'y? ptr'KT the first of all. 

e- fV^7 illt^n rip'pfl 5 the portion of the field of Boaz. 

bVTp\ *$?ti7 DWfT H5*1 n$D 6 «Ae foo& of the chronicles of 

the kings of Israel. 

bWU?? "\&'X O^V'^tl *V2K 7 the chief of the herdmen of Saul. 

t : v -: ^ t • - 

3. The construct, containing only a portion of the idea intended to be 
conveyed, is incomplete and, in itself, indefinite; hence 

a. The construct cannot receive the article ; a or be definite in itself 
(§ 4. l.)> 

b. The construct, however, becomes definite by position {I 4. 2), 
whenever its following genitive is, for any reason, definite. d 

4. The use of annexion to express the superlative idea is worthy of 
special notice. This is seen, 

a. When the two nouns in annexion are the same, the former being 
singular, the latter plural. 

b. When the relation between the nouns is a partitive one (§ 8. 3./). 

5. Instead of annexion, there is often employed a periphrasis, made 
by means of the preposition ^. 6 f This is substituted when there is a 
desire on the part of the writer, 

a. To interpose a word between the construct and genitive. 

b. To mark the first noun as indefinite, when the second is definite. 

c. To omit entirely the noun which would be in the construct, as in 
inscriptions, and in the case of common words like son, day, etc. 

d. To designate explicitly relations of place and time. 

e. To avoid a long series of constructs. 

REMARKS. 

(a) Exceptions to this may be classified as follows: (1) Cases where the article 
seems to have a demonstrative force, Josh. 8:33; cf . also Ps. 123:4; Ezek. 17:15; 1 Kgs. 
14:24. (2) Cases where the genitive is a proper name, e. g., 2 Kgs. 23:17; Gen. 31:13; 
Isa. 36:8. (3) Cases where what seems to be a construct is a participle with an accusa- 
tive suffix, e. g., Ps. 18:33; Isa. 9:12. (4) Cases where the connection is loose, the second 
noun denoting the material (and to be regarded in many instances as an adverbial 



i Ps. 69 :1. s Gen. 8 :14. 5 Ruth 2:3. 7 1 Sam. 21 : 8. 

22 Sam. 3:2. 4 2 Sam. 19:21. el Kgs. 15:31. 



36 HEBREW SYNTAX [§ 9. 

accusative), e. g., 2 Kgs. 16 :14 ; Zech. 4 :10. (5) Cases where, the connection being loose, 
a preposition is inserted, e. g., Ps. 113:5; Judg. 8:11. 

(b) Proper names, therefore, except when applied to more than one object, cannot 
stand in the construct. 

(c) The construct cannot be indefinite and the genitive definite; nor can the gen- 
itive be indefinite and the construct definite ; either both are definite or both indefinite. 
To both of these cases, however, exceptions are found, where there would be no 
room for ambiguity; e, g., Gen. 16:7; 42:19; 9:20; Lev. 14:34; 1 Sam. 17:17; Deut. 22:19. 

(d) On the determination of words in annexion, see § 5. 1. 

(e) The pronoun IttfK is frequently inserted before the preposition to secure 
greater clearness. 

(/) The prepositiou |D from is sometimes employed as a substitute for annexion; 
e. g., 2 Sam. 19:18; Isa. 6:6; 1 Kgs. 20:35; Ps. 16:4. The sense, in this usage, is generally 
partitive. 

REFERENCES FOR STUDY. 

Gen. 7:11 „ 5a, d. 2 Kgs. 22:5 la. 

Gen. 8:5, 13 5c. Isa. 1:7; 22:2 lft. 

Gen. 9:10; 25:27 .la. Isa. 2:20; 36:9 2d. 

Gen. 14:19 2c. Isa.5:ll; 9:1,2; 14:6,19 2b. 

Gen. 20:1 2a. Isa. 6:5 lc. 

Gen. 40:5 .5a. Isa. 8:1 V 5c. 

Gen. 41:12 5b. Isa. 11:2 2c. 

Ex. 3:6, 15 (cf. 16) 2c. Isa. 53:3 4b. 

Ex. 4:20 2a. Jer.8:l 2c. 

Ex. 12:8, 9 lb. Jer. 8:16 2b. 

Ex. 26:33 4a. Jer. 20:17 .....lc. 

Num. 3:49 lb. Ezek. 26:7 4a. 

Num. 10:17 la. Ezek. 31:3 lc. 

Deut. 1:3 5c. Ezek. 31:16 2c. 

Deut. 10:17 4a. Ezek. 47:10 2d. 

Deut. 22:22 lb. Hos.4:17 lb. 

Deut. 32:24 la. Hos. 7:5 2b. 

Josh. 8:11; 15:21 2b. Joel 1:8 lb. 

Josh. 19:51 5e. Joel 2:5 lc. 

Judg.3:28; 12:5 5d. Mic. 2:8 lc. 

Judg. 5:10 2b. Hab.3:l 5b. 

Judg. 6:11 ...2a. Ps. 12:7; 84:7.. , 2b. 

lSam.2:5 lc. Ps. 19:8,9; 40:5; 88:6 la. 

1 Sam. 9:21 4b. Ps. 90:1 5b. 

ISam. 17:17,18 2d. Prov.9:18 lb. 

1 Sam. 24:6 lc. Prov. 11:22 lc. 

2 Sam. 2:8 5e. Job 18:2 2b. 

2 Sam. 4:4 lc. Cant. 1:1 4a. 

lKgs. 2:7 la. Ruth 2:3; 4:3.... 5e. 

1 Kgs. 3:18 5a. Eccles. 1:2 4a. 

lKgs. 15:23 5e. lChron.27:34 5b. 

1 Kgs. 19:15 2a. 2Chron.21:17 4b. 

2 Kgs. 16:19 56. 



I 10.] BY AN INDUCTIVE METHOD. 37 

10. The Adjective. 

1. a. *TD3 7n^ host of mighty = a mighty host; VSjlJTD*! 2 && inno- 
&. ^lTO^n ^"Jp 3 ^ e ^°^/ of thy temple = thy holy temple, [cent blood. 

2. 'rUI *1iNDn 4 ^e great luminary; D^IDH DH^IH 5 J?Ae good things; 

T _ „T - • - • t : - 

7*1 Jin i^ 6 ^m e?cZes£ son; ntJl DiD^DH 7 this place; 

t - : v. - J t - 

n?Nn fiN^H DIDtOn D^t^n 8 these good years that are to come. 

V-l" T T _ _ • T _ 

3. rriJT 21D 9 Tahweh (is) #ood; HUH) *?VlJ 10 his glory (is) #rea£; 

t : : t 

fHNJT Jl^itO 11 the land (is) good; vilJl ifTD 12 ^ strength (is) great; 

| VJT T T T 

p**^ JlfiN 13 ^ott (art) righteous. 

4. a. t^'3'lp plflD 14 sweeter than honey; O^HO Di£0 15 better than life; 

HN'TO ^("(^"DK Dn^l 16 and he loved Rachel more than Leah. 

t t v - v:|v- 

h. ^m nrijs tt'pp D^'-yrr ne^en poprr wn inv 7 «*<* Da- 

i>ic£ was ?Ae smallest, and the three oldest had followed Saul. 
D^tOp""!^') D7i"T JJ^p 18 from the greatest among them even unto the 
least among them. 
UlTT^yy^y^ ^H.3 19 greatest of all the men of the East. 

v|-iv •• : t ■ t 

D*t2^il!3 rr5^n 20 ^ e fairest among women. [priests. 

• T - T T _ 

y$tl ^"JJ? 21 ^e greatest of the city; D^Ji^H *<3p? 22 the oldest of the 
5- DH^* 7 ! &^'*K 23 cm eloquent man; ^D^tltl /"J^ 24 having dreams; 
7*1"? *3^ 25 sons of strength, valiant; i"77* t ?-J*D 26 50 ^ °/ a night 

1. The adjective is frequently treated as if it were a substantive: 

a. When it stands in the genitive after a noun in the construct state 
(2 8. 3. a.). 

b. When it stands in the construct state with a following genitive. a 

2. The adjective (here including participles and demonstratives) when 
used in an attributive sense, 

a. Follows** the noun which it modifies. 

b. Agrees with it in number and gender. 



Usa. 36:2. 


s Gen. 41:35. 


is Ps. 63:4. 


2i2Kgs.lO:6. 


2Deut.l9:13. 


9Ps.34:9. 


16 Gen. 29:30. 


22isa. 37 ;2. 


3Ps. 65:5. 


io Ps. 21:6. 


ni Sam. 17:14. 


23 Ex. 4:10. 


4 Gen. 1:16. 


ii Num. 14:7. 


is Jon. 3:5. 


24 Gen. 37:19. 


5 Josh. 23:14. 


i2judg. 16:5. 


is Job 1:3. 


25Deut. 3:18. 


6 Gen. 27:1. 


i3Neh.9:33. 


20 Cant. 1:8. 


26 Jon. 4:10. 


i Gen. 28:17. 


14 Judg. 14:18. 







38 HEBREW SYNTAX [g 10. 

c. Keceives d the article, if the noun which it modifies is for any 
reason a definite noun. 

3. The adjective (here including participles and demonstratives) when 
used as a predicate, regularly precedes 'the subject, yet frequently fol- 
lows it, when the sense is clear. 6 

4. The comparison of adjectives is expressed as follows : — 

a. The comparative degree, by the use of the preposition Vft from 
prefixed to the word with which comparison is made/ Q 
h. The superlative degree, 

(1) By the emphatic use of the positive with the article, a pro- 
nominal suffix or a following genitive.* 1 

(2) By employing the phrase 7^p, or 5. 

(3) By the constructions referred to in \ 9. 4. 

5. The adjectival idea, because of the scarcity of adjectives, is fre- 
quently expressed by certain nominal constructions (see § 8. 3. e.). 

REMARKS. 

(a) This does not include the cases cited under § 9. 1. c. 

(b) Very rarely does the adjective precede; and in most of these cases the adjec- 
tive or demonstrative is treated as a substantive; e. g., Ex. 32:1; Ps. 104:25; Ps. 32:10. 

(c) It is to be noted that the adjective is plural when the noun is dual, and that 
with collectives the construction is often one according- to sense; e.g., Isa. 42:7; 1 Sam. 

(d) The article is quite frequently omitted (see § 5. 2. Rem. d). [13:15: 17:28. 

(e) Note also the use of a substantive (or a substantive and preposition) as predicate 
instead of an adjective, thus emphasizing the idea; Gen. 1:2; Job 3:4; Ps. 25:10 ; Isa. 5:12. 

(/) This use of ?D is frequent also after verbs; e. g., 1 Sam. 10:23; Gen. 37:3* 

(3) The adjective is often omitted and is to be supplied from the context; Mic. 7:4; 

Job 11:17. 

(h) The individual is thus designated as possessing in a pre-eminent degree the 

quality referred to. 

REFERENCES FOR STUDY. 

Gen.l:16; 19:20; 41:20 2 2Kgs.25:9 la. 

Gen. 3:1; 42:13 .....4b. Isa. 13:12 4a. 

Gen. 6:5; 19:20; 29:2,7 3 Isa. 23:8 ...4b. 

Gen. 27:1 ...4a. Jer. 15:15...... ...lb. 

Ex. 12:4 2,4b. Jer. 49:15 4b. 

Ex.l5:16. lb. Ezek.28:3 4a. 

Deut. 1:19; 21:3 2 Ezek.28:7 4b. 

Deut. 1:25 3 Amos 6:2 la. 

Deut. 11:23 4a. Zech.l4:4 la. 

Deut. 14:2; 21:3,6 4b. Ps. 40:13 4a. 

Josh. 14:11 3 Ps. 46:11 4b. 

Josh. 14:15.. 4b. Ps. 145:7 lb. 

Judg.6:15 4b. Prov 3:14; 16:32; 21:3 4a. 

Judg. 14:18 .- ..4a. Cant. 5:8 - 3 

1 Sam. 4:10 3 Ruth 1:12; 3:12 .....4a. 

1 Sam. 10:23 4b. Eccles. 1:13 la. 

1 Sam. 16:7 lb. Eccles. 7:2 ..4a. 

lKgs. 17:17 3 



g 11»] BY AN INDUCTIVE METHOD. 39 

77. Personal Pronoun and Suffixes. 

1. a. \JX VliD 1 my death, mine; frOJTDJ T\Vf? 2 to ^ ctn a ^ so to him. 
b. "$¥ NTT y*?3 3 ^e?a, fto is Zoar; p-Qft tf|f| N")ftft. 4 

• - | VJT T - ," T 

d. JflJl £3$^' D*rf?N 7 God is Judge; }ft$ W\tf is its name. 

2. a. DN^3 9 he created them; D/1K £0^ 10 he created them; 

T T : T TT 

^flD^n 11 did ye fast for me? *J]VO ia ^ i0 ^ ^ as ^ 0M>e» we. 

• j". : : • -it - : 

b. ^t\T\T\ rink 13 thee Ihad killed; "tflK ^SOPH 14 and he will make 
me see it; Ifiji} *irD1 15 and the choosing him; i/IK (im75 1(! when 

t t : • : 

she bare him; DflK D*D\WD DJl 17 they provoke themselves; 

c 1^ 19 to him; )%f2?2 20 from it; wty 21 upon me; ^^~'~\7 22 go for thee 
= take thyself; y? DJ) 23 he fled for himself. 

T 

d. *DDH 24 my wrong; IfiNT 25 his fear (caused by him). 

• t -: t: 

1. The Personal Pronoun, in its separate form, a aside from its ordi- 
nary use , b c d 6 is employed, 

a. In apposition with a noun or pronoun in an oblique case, for 
emphasis (§ 6. 3); and in the case of the third person, 

b. As a brief explanatory particle equivalent to that is. 

c. As a remote demonstrative (see 'i 12. 1. b.). 

d. As a sort of copula (see § 7. 6, 7). 

2. The Pronominal Suffixes are substituted for the personal pronouns 
in all oblique cases. Here may be noted their use, 

a. With verbs '/Q in which case the suffix is 

(1) generally the direct object of the verb as an accusative, either 
directly appended to the verb, or joined to /")£$ (see b. below); 

(2) sometimes, for brevity, the indirect object, as a dative. 

b. "With the sign of the definite object j")K "P i this occurs 

(1) when for emphasis the pronominal idea must be expressed 
first; 



12 Sam. 19:1. 


s Gen. 2:19. 


14 2 Sam. 15:25. 


20 Gen. 3:3. 


2 Gen. 4:26. 


9 Gen. 5:2. 


isl Sam. 2:28. 


21 2 Sam. 15:33. 


s Gen. 14:8. 


io Gen. 1:27. 


16 Gen. 38:5. 


22 Gen. 12:1. 


4 Gen. 23:19. 


nZech. 7:5. 


it Jer. 7:19. 


23lsa. 31:8. 


s Gen. 2:12. 


12 Josh. 15:19. 


is Gen. 4:15. 


2J Jer. 51:35. 


6 Job 1:1. - 


is Num. 22:33. 


19 1 Sam. 1:2. 


25 Ex. 20:20. 


TPs. 50:6. 









40 HEBREW SYNTAX [§ 11. 

(2) when a verb has two pronominal objects, only one of which 
can be joined directly to the verb ; 

(3) when it is the object of an Infinitive Absolute which cannot 
receive a suffix ; 

(4) when it is the object of an Infinitive Construct whose subject 
is a pronominal suffix, or a noun which must stand near it ; 

(5) when the pronominal idea is a reflexive one ; 

(6) when, by the use of j"")K; ambiguity is avoided, or greater 
distinctness secured. 

c. With prepositions : — 

(1) In all the various uses which occur in the case of nouns ; 
and besides 

(2) In the so-called "ethical dative," which marks "an intimate 
relation sustained by the subject to the act. "4' 

d. With nouns ; here the noun is properly a construct (§ 8. Rem. h), 
and the suffix a genitive, subjective or objective (3 8. 1. a. b). k l 

REMARKS. 

(a) The personal pronoun, in its separate form, may be used only as a nominative, 
except in the case cited in 1. a. above. 

(b) While the personal pronoun is included in the finite verb, it is also written 
separately (1) for emphasis or contrast; e. g., Ps. 71:22; Gen. 48:19; (2) if a second sub- 
ject besides the pronoun follows the verb; e. g., Gen. 6:18; 13:1; (3) superfluously, 
chiefly by later writers; e. g., Lev. 18:26; Eccles. 2:12. [24:36; 19:24. 

(c) It is not uncommon to repeat a noun rather than employ a pronoun; e. g., Gen. 

(d) The third person rather than the first is generally used by authors in speaking 
of themselves; e. g., Jer. 7:1; but cf. Isa. 6:1; Jer. 1:4. 

(e) The terms thy servant, thy handmaid for the first person, and of my Lord, the 
king for the second person are common; e. g., Gen. 18:3; 19:19; 44:18; 2 Sam. 14:12. 

(/) The suffix, when the object of a verb, is often omitted when it can be easily 
supplied from the context; e. g., Gen. 2:19; 9:22; 38:17; Ex. 2:3. 

(g) It is, on the other hand, sometimes expressed redundantly; e. g., Ex. 2:6; 1 Sam. 
23:14; Ezek. 10:3; Isa. 17:6; Josh. 1:2. 

(h) As the language grows older there is an increasing tendency to separate the 
pronoun from the verb which it modifies. 

(£) For the usage of the sign of the definite object fitf with nouns, see § 12. 2. b. 

(j) "In most cases this mode of expression indicates a special participation in the 
action by the agent or speaker, a certain earnestness or zeal with which he acts; but 
it occurs, as an expression of heartiness, more in the diffuse and easy-going popular 
style, both in poetry and in unimpassioned prose, and especially in sentences in which 
advice is tendered, or a question asked."— Ewald. 

(k) The suffix, in a few cases, seems almost entirely to have lost its original force; 
e.g., (1) 'j'lK = my lords (§ 3. 2. c) = the Lord, used only of God (Gen. 15:2; 18:3); (2) HIV 
= his joinings — he together = together (Ex. 19:8; 1 Kgs. 3:18). 

(I) On the inaccurate, and largely colloquial, interchange of masculine and femi- 
nine pronouns and suffixes, see § 2. 1. c. 



I 12.] BY AN INDUCTIVE METHOD. 41 

REFERENCES FOR STUDY. 

Gen. 15:13 2b. Isa.27:4; 44:21 2a. 

Gen.l6:5 2d. Jer. 7:19; 16:11 2b. 

Gen.21:16; 24:6 2c. Jer.9:l 2a. 

Gen. 23:2 15. Jer. 25:14 la. 

Gen. 24:27; 27:34, 38 la. Hos. 8:9 2c. 

Gen. 37:4 2a. Amos2:13; 7:12 2c. 

Ex. 7:9; 18:27 2c. Hag. 1:4 la. 

Num. 14:32 la. Zech. 7:5 la. 

Num. 22:33 2a. Ps, 9:7 la. 

Deut.22:2 2b. Ps. 58:8; 120:6 2c. 

Josh. 15:8,9 15. Job 20:29: 23:14; 34:6 2d. 

1 Sam. 25:24 la. Cant. 2:11 2c. 

3 Sam. 17:5 la. Eccles. 8:15 2a. 

lKgs. 21:19 la. Dan. 8:15 la. 

Isa.2:22; 23:7 2c. 

12. Demonstrative and Interrogative Pronoun. 

1. a. jlfn DiD^il 1 this place; H^NH D**D1I7 2 these things. 

j t - v-i" t - T :- 

o. N1(in fcPWl 3 that man; Otltl D'£*3 4 in those days. 

• T " T ■ T - 

c. DySJn 5 this stroke = now; tl/^W} 6 this night = to-night. 

d. Til 1 ? 4 * tit 7 who oegat thee; *J3 ft^Dt^' Hf 8 *» which thou dwellest. 

} ft: t : v t : J- t 

e. D\1 nt 9 the sea there; Hf ] /^ 10 come up here; 

W-T\ D*D* fit 11 now many days; &t2V£ tl\ 12 now twice; 

nt *D 13 who then? ftf HD*? 14 «% then? flf-fiB 15 Aow m A *Aa£? 

TJT V _ 

/". fli^fcO *2$y* my feet are like those of hinds; 1flJ$ 1^1 

H^O 17 awcZ ^Aose w7io were wiVA him in the ark. 
g. Jlb^ "^5^ fTH '*"^? HI ^5^5 18 anQlj this one said so, and that 

one said so; Jf-JD ffaiO ilfQ H^N 19 ^ ese Mfor a?ic2 $ose thither. 

2. a. £>>Nn *£ 20 wAo is the man? rf?$ >£p 21 who are these? 

n^-*7D W 2 who is all flesh? fitTl mfiaJT^D rf? >fr 23 

t t t v •" v — : |- |— t } : 

ft- FlK ^D"H3 24 whose daughter art thou ? fi?W$ 'p-fiN 25 Am 
sAaZZ I send? 



i Gen. 28:17. sp s .74:2. u Gen. 18:13. 20 Gen. 24:65. 

2 Gen. 15:1. 9 Ps. 104:25. is Judg. 18:24. 21 Gen. 33:5. 

3 Job 1:1. 10 Num. 13:17. 1* 2 Sam. 22:34. 22 Deut. 5:23. 
i Gen, 6:4. n Josh. 22:3. "Gen. 7:23. 23 Gen. 33:8. 

5 Gen. 2 :23. 12 Gen. 27 :36. is 1 Kgs. 22 :20. 24 Gen. 24 :23. 

6 Gen. 19 :5. is Job 38 :2. 19 2 Sam. 2 :13. 23 l S a. 6 :8. 
iProv. 23:22. 



42 HEBREW SYNTAX [§ 12. 

c. ^HON"?!^ 1 w7ia£ <^'<^ i^ey say? nft'Dfo'DH 2 wfatf wisdom? 

: [T t v - J: t 

ftfcfr* for what? HO ?1? H 0™ accozm* of what? flft^U 5 upon what? 
^« D5D"N"*D I^T""N7 6 7ie knows not who shall gather them. 

t : | • " — | 

KirPfTD I^T K*7 7 ^ ie 2/ & ? *ew; rco£ wAatf # was. 



e. ^£^'* "lini NT"*£D 8 let whoever is fearful and timid return. 

t •• t : "T |- 

ifi'iltyyH) T0&5 lOKFrJl?? 9 whatever thy soul desires I will do 

for thee. [thou ? 

f W2 lit"'** 10 which house? nriK yi? nflyW n from what city art 

1. In reference to the demonstrative pronoun, it may be noted that 

a. The demonstrative, when attributive, is treated as an adjective 
(S 10. 2.). 

o. The personal pronoun of the third person is used as a remote 
demonstrative 0, (I 11. 1. c). 

c. The article sometimes still retains its original demonstrative 
force ($ 4. 3. a). 

d. The pronoun jff , especially in poetry, is often used as a relative 
pronoun.** 

e. The pronoun fft (sometimes having a preposition) is also used as 
a demonstrative adverb, sometimes referring to place and sometimes to 
time; and frequently serves as an enclitic to emphasize words of interro- 
gation (cf. English then). 6 

f. The demonstrative is omitted whenever, if expressed, it would 
stand as a construct before a genitive, or before a relative pronoun. 

g. The demonstratives are often used antithetically = this — that, 
these — those. 

2. In reference to the interrogative pronouns it may be noted that 

a. ♦£), either singular or plural, refers generally to persons, though 
very seldom to things A 

b. *Q may be used as a genitive after a construct, an accusative with 
j"|tf> or with prepositions. 

c MQj referring always to things, may stand as a nominative, accu- 
sative, or genitive, or with prepositions. 

d. Either *£ or f]f2 may introduce indirect as well as direct ques- 

T 

tions. 6 



llsa. 39:3, 4. * Hag. 1:9. 7 Ex. 16:15, ioIsa.66:l. 

2Jer. 8:9. 6 Job 38:6. s Judg. 7 :3. n 2 Sam. 15:2. 

s Ps. 2:1. c p s . 39:7. 9 1 Sam. 20:4 



i 13.] BY AN INDUCTIVE METHOD. 43 

e. Either *ft or ffft may be used as indefinite pronouns, whoever, 

T 

whatever? o h 

f. By prefixing ^ (construct of ^ where) to the demonstrative Jf? 
a quite common interrogation is formed. 

REMARKS. 

(a) It is important to distinguish closely between HI and tflH; e.g., Judg. 7:4. 
(ft) In the same manner our English that may be used as a relative. 

(c) Kin also is sometimes an enclitic emphasizing the preceding interrogative; 
e.g., Ps. 24:10. 

(d) In most cases the objects to which "'D refers involve individual beings. 

(e) In the Semitic languages the difference between direct and indirect sentences 
is scarcely felt. 

(/) Compare HD "Ql whatever, Num. 23:3; and also MEltO anything whatever. 

(flf) In a few cases , D and HD qualify a following word; e. g., 7X _, D (Deut. 3:24) 
what God? filDVriD (Isa. 40:18) what likeness? also Ps. 77:14; Jer. 2:5. 

(7i) Notice should be taken of those cases in which HD, asking the mode of an action, 
is equivalent to how? e. g., Num. 23:8; 1 Sam. 10:27; Gen. 28:17; Ps. 8:2; 84:2. 

REFERENCES FOR STUDY. 

Gen. 4:10; 47:8 2c. lKgs. 13:12 2/. 

Gen. 15:18 lb. lKgs. 17:24; 19:5 le. 

Gen. 16:8 2/. 2Kgs.l9:22 20. 

Gen.24:23, 32:18 2b. Isa. 2:17 lb. 

Gen. 27:21 le. Isa. 3:9 1/. 

Gen. 28:15; 31:1 1/. Isa. 54:15 2e. 

Ex. 2:11 lb. Joel 3:2 lb. 

Ex. 5:22 le. Jon. 1:8 2/. 

Ex. 24:14 le, 2e. Mic.3:4 lb. 

Num. 14:22 le. Mic. 5:4 le. 

Deut. 8:2,4; 9:12 le. Zech. 5:5 2d. 

Deut. 17:9 lb. Zech. 7:3 le. 

Judg. 9:28 2a. Mai. 1:7 2c. 

lSam.l2:3; 17:55-58 2b. Ps.l2:5; 77:14 2a. 

1 Sam. 14:17 2d. Ps. 20:8; 75:8 lg. 

1 Sam. 30:13 2/. Ps. 104:8 Id. 

2 Sam. 19:43 le. Prov. 19:12 1/. 

lKgs.l:27; 14:3 2d. Job 13:13 2e. 

lKgs.3:23 lg. Job 19:19 Id. 

lKgs. 12:16 2c. Eccles.7:14 lg. 

13. The Relative Pronoun. 

1. T\ ^OH in^' l^'N H^n 1 the general whom the king has sent. 

UCy 1 ? yDB^n"J>?7 *"!$?% *i*l 2 a nation whose tongue thou wilt not hear, 
^n D^"-n£>K rf?nrrn 3 Havilah where is gold. 

t t - t v -: t • -: |- " 

i Isa. 37 :4. 2 Deut. 28 :49. s Gen. 2 :U. 



44 HEBREW SYNTAX [2 13. 

DHV/M ^inbS n^H"^ *X'tf "AS 1 hail such as has not been in Egypt. 

*J _ : • : -it t t | v _ : t t 

^KSjIK ^3 ^^K tlDH *15I? 2 ^ l0u art m y servant i n whom I will 

2. iD&ft IPOp iX&llty to him from whom he bought it. [be glorified. 
nt^i^"1t^K ^j/ 4 on account of that which he did. 

r\tfl& ^S?&? 1!.3 5 * w ^ ie ^a^o 7 of him whom thou hatest. 

J"fl£3K V"fi£D£l 12^£O g w* the place in which thou diest, I will die. 

*3*10 fHD* l£2^£D 7 /^om the time in which thou toast precious in mine 

- +■• ; T :|-j-t v -:|- 

Tj^D/tD il'HDJVHfc^N HK 8 he whom thou blessest is blessed. {eyes. 

3. a. OH 1 ? $7 r*!K5 9 * w a ^cmo 7 which is not theirs. 

HKin^Di* ilK^n 10 ^ 0M 7ias£ brought the day thou hast called. 

T Jt|t I T -J" •• 

1^ "T^N Di ni ^ day on which I was born. 

0. *?& yi^N 1 ? DiptD 12 the place of him who knows not God. 
n'P^'D""!^ 13 % ^.e /i«^cZ of any one whom thou wilt send. 
i^$n ntj^^ iDHK nin* 14 he whom Yahweh loves will accomplish 

4. a. £T*"f7* nt tTD^*? i^t^' 15 fo'sfen. to thy father ivho begat thee, [his desire. 

-? l^3n^ ^riDnK'nt 16 £&>se / foreo! are turned against me. 
b. 17" iTi-UPT i^J 17 ^ 507i wAo was from fo Azm. [tar/ieo?. 

Stt^rirT 18 w?^o werc£; UK-})! 19 which has come; nDt£ft"l 20 who re- 

-. | T V T -IT _ TJT - 

The word 1t?N is, strictly speaking, an unchangeable relative particle, 
and not a pronoun. It is used to give a relative force to something which 
follows. Hence, 

1. A pronominal suffix or an adverb following this particle, receives 

from it a relative meaning, "J7 *"^?$ = io whom, DilK *"lfc?&? — 

whom, Dt^ • • • -*"^K — where, etc. ab 

2. When the particle *)$# is immediately preceded by a preposition, 
or by n^! the sign of the definite object, or by a noun in the construct 
state, there is always to be supplied as its antecedent, according to the 
demands of the context, either a demonstrative pronoun, or a word indi- 
cating place or time. c 



l Ex. 9:18. 


6 Ruth. 1:17. 


nJob3:3. 


16 Job 19:19. 


2lsa. 49:3. 


7lsa. 43:4. 


12 Job 18:21. 


it Gen. 21:3. 


3 Lev. 27:24, 


8 Num. 22:6. 


is Ex. 4:13. 


is Josh. 10:24. 


4 Jer. 15:4. 


9 Gen. 15:13. 


14 Isa. 48:14. 


is Gen. 18:21. 


BEzek. 23:28. 


io Lam. 1:21. 


is Prov. 23:22 


20 Ruth 4:3. 



1 13.] BY AN INDUCTIVE METHOD. 45 

3. The relative particle may be omitted from any construction ir. 
which it is accustomed to be used, as, 

a. When it would be the subject or object of the sentence, or used 
as a genitive or dative ; and even 

b. "When, by its omission, there is also omitted its antecedent (see 

2 above) which is included in it. 

4. The relative idea is otherwise expressed, 

a. By the demonstrative pronoun Iff (§ 12. 1. d). 

b. By the article with a participle and rarely with a finite verb 
(2 4. &/).<** 

REMARKS. 

(a) When the pronominal suffix is the object of a verb, it may be omitted as easily 
understood from the context, and in this case the particle serves alone to express the 
idea, e. g., Gen. 2:8; 21:3; 26:32; Ex. 4:21. 

(b) Generally one or more words stand between the particle, and the pronoun or 
adverb which receives from it the relative force. 

c) In Gen. 31:32 and Isa. 47:12 the relative particle is said by some to be directly 
connected with the preposition. 

(d) The relative particle is used with b as a periphrasis of annexion (§ 9. 5. Rem.e). 

(e) The relative particle is largely used in the formation of conjunctions from 
prepositions and adverbs, but even here it may be omitted, e. g., Josh. 2:22; Gen. 31:20; 
1 Sam. 5:9; 2 Sam. 12:22. 

REFERENCES FOR STUDY. 

Gen. 2:11 4b. Isa. 7:16 1 

Gen.9:24; 39:9 2 Isa.25:9; 42:24; 43:21 4a. 

Gen.l3:3; 45:4 1 Isa.30:6; 54:1 3a. 

Ex.4:15; 32:34 2 Isa. 40:29; 41:24; 65:1 3b. 

Ex. 9:4 3a. Jer. 2:8 3b. 

Ex. 15:13 4a. Jer. 32:19 ...1 

Lev. 5:8 3 Ezek. 11:12 1 

Lev. 16:32 1 Hos. 1:2 3b. 

Deut.3:4 1 Hos.l4:4 1 

Deut. 4:3 2 Hab.2:6 3b. 

Deut. 32:15, 20 3a. Ps.4:8; 7:7; 49:20 3a. 

Josh. 10:24.. 4b. Ps.9:16; 74:2 4a. 

Judg.5:18 3a. Job 10:2; 15:17 4a. 

Judg.l7:8 3 Ruth 1:16 2 

1 Sam. 15:2; 16:3 2 Est. 6:6 1 

lKgs. 18:13 3 IChron. 26:28 4b. 

2Kgs. 8:1 2 



46 HEBREW SYNTAX [§ 14. 

14. Other Pronominal Expressions. 

1. a. fcOffjjO 1 an d I hid myself; JOHn**) 2 and he hid himself. 

&« Kill ^1N 3 ^6 XorcZ himself; ftfttl D^TirTV"? 4 ^ie t7eiiw themselves. 
T _. T j.. . . — 

D*)f7 11HN 17 t^^l 5 and Ehud made for himself a sword. 
HDi^ irf/JJWDl 6 awe? s7ie foo& him up ivith herself. 
e. *t^'§J j/1K"N7 7 I know not myself (lit., my sowZ). 

n^D^ rT*"lt^ Dn^»m 8 °^ Sarah laughed within herself. 

t :)• : tt | - : • - 

2. a. IDtTT t#**N ^ /D!l 9 a?1 ^ ^ e ^ dreamed each his dream. 

^IDM ^Db^ 10 every morning; "UlN 1 ? *)fti^n *3fc^ u two omers for 

|v j - Jy-i ~ t v |t y"j t •• : 

each; Di* /D3 12 w* every c?ay; *fl"73 13 every one living. 
o. iDpDD CJ^N NJT'/Nt 14 ^ no£ «»y owe go forth from his place. 
121 JYirro N^SW 5 /« anything too difficult for Yahweh? 

T T T |" " T ' _ : 

'* il^VP /5 16 an y °f Y' s commandments; ^*1"73 17 anything evil. 
1^Hf2 ^] t ?'*1^'N ^b 18 whoever belongs to thee in the city. 
HfeU£ '* f 5n"*l^'N *?b 19 whatever Y. pleases, he does. 

c. '* *4ptP f7p 20 ta&e some o/ £Ae e?«fers of Israel. 

D^n~| p ^IfcW 21 sowie °/ ^ e people went out. 

d. ^bb ff?)P K 1 ? 22 * m ^oocZ/or noAtfiflr; ^"^V DE> £#*N PN 23 no- 
body takes it to heart; 1*2,1 )\£tV)T\/i$ 24: do nothing; 

t t «:|- 

^iliO iWrf? DHN"^ 25 nobody shall be in the tent. 

'.--IT V : |- [ T T T 

e. nt3"*1Bftt *"U 26 *nc& a people; t#"*N Jl?3 27 swcA a man; 

v t v ~: • Y T 

1HD3 ri31{< J3 fTiTtf 1 ? 28 ^ere were no s?4cA locusts as they. 
/• HflK ntD1 1HK ntD 29 ^ e one on the one side, the other on the other. 

T Y Y • T V Y ' 

Vf7K *?3£D t^N ll"")^ 30 ana[ they separated the one from the other. 
jl?"7K j"|f D^p"^/*! 31 and the one did not draw near the other. 
'PP3 HD^PP 1^2 *)^ 32 orie c ^2/ against another, one kingdom 
against another. 



i Gen. 3:10. 


° Gen. 40:5. 


nlsa. 56:2. 


25 Lev. 16:17. 


2 Gen. 3:8. 


io Ex. 16:21. 


is Gen. 19:12. 


26 Jer. 5:9. 


slsa. 7:14. 


HEx. 16:22. 


19 Ps. 135:6. 


27 Gen. 41:38. 


4 Est. 9:1. 


12 Ps. 7:12. 


20 Ex. 17:5. 


58 Ex. 10:14. 


5 Judg. 3:16. 


is Gen. 3:20. 


21 Ex. 16:27. 


29 Ex. 17:12. 


6 1 Sam. 1:24. 


14 Ex. 16:29. 


22Jer. 13:7. 


so Gen. 13:11. 


i Job 9:21. 


15 Gen. 18:14. 


23 Isa. 57:1. 


si Ex. 14:20. 


s Gen. 18:12. 


is Lev. 4:2. 


24 Gen. 19:8. 


32 Isa. 19:2. 



g 15.] BY AN INDUCTIVE METHOD. 47 

Certain ideas, expressed in English by means of pronouns, are other- 
wise expressed in Hebrew. The more important of these are the fol- 
lowing : — 

1. The reflexive pronoun is expressed, 

a. By the Niph'al and Hithpa'el stems. 

b. By the personal pronoun of the third person and by pronominal 
suffixes. 

c. By the use of certain nouns like t#£)j, DVI!> D^JJB (3 §• 2. c), 
Tg, and j?. 

2. The indefinite pronouns are expressed variously : — 

a. Each, every, by fc^N? or the repetition of a word {I 3. 1. c), or 

niTN, or ^b. 

TV < , . 

5. -4/ry, anyone, anything, whoever, whatever, by fc£^N> "O*!, 7^. 

T T 

c. #orae o/, by the preposition Jp /row. 

A iVotfmzo-, nobody, by ^i). . . .*fo £>>N ft*, "DT • • ■&> (or ^), 

e7>SW>, by t1t% p. 

/. Z%6 one-the other, by 1I7N— "IfiK, tf ♦$—#♦& G^N-fiN or 
fifcSftt— n'1HN, B^R- in, r7t — Hit, or the repetition of a noun. 

T • T . ^- .. .. 

REFERENCES FOR STUDY. 

Gen.8:9; 23:3; 33:17 W. 2 Sam. 12:1 2/. 

Gen. 9:5; 13:11..' 2/. lKgs.3:23 2/. 

Gen. 30:14 2c. lKgs. 10:12 2e. 

Gen. 39:23 2d. Isa. 6:3 2/. 

Ex.4:9 2c. Isa. 66:8 2e. 

Ex. 35:24... 2b. Jer. 7:19 17). 

Lev. 5:9 2c. Jer. 9:3 2d. 

Lev. 11:32 2b. Jer. 37:9 lc. 

Num. 20:19 2d. Ezek.l5:3 2b. 

Num. 35:22 2b. Ezek.34:2 lb. 

Deut.2:7 2d. Hab.2:19 2d. 

Judg.6:29 2/. Eccles. 8:5 2d. 

Judg. 13:23 2e. IChron. 9:28 2c. 

1 Sam. 10:3 2/. IChron. 17:5 2/. 

15. Numerals. 

1. *inN Di n one day; HflK THW one law; DHfftf WO^ single days. 

tv - - t • t -: • T 

2.. a. D*5* nfij^t^ 4 friad o/^a?/s = tfb-ee da?/s; Mh^QH ^ti^' 5 ^ two I. 
b. D^ty JD^' 6 sevm 2/ears; DH5 Jl^5^ 7 set?e?i bullocks. 



i Gen. 27:45. s Gen. 27:44. 5 Gen. 1:16. 7 Num. 23:1, 29. 

2 Ex. 12 :49. 4 Josh. 2 :22. 6 Gen. 5 :7. 



48 



HEBREW SYNTAX 



[515. 



c tljfy^ D^K 1 seven rams; $2$ i"Tfri?£ 2 seven steps. 

3. &WM 1&V D^^' 3 twelve men; *\& V W DH3 4 toe?ve bullocks; 

• t ~: t *t : t *t •• : • t 

DV 1^ IflK 5 eZeven cfa#s; #§£ PHt^ #g> 6 started sowZs. 

4. D^D D^3^' 7 severcto sons; DH^# MSN 8 toenfy ctt&i'te; 

5. fijbtfl DU^HS DnjJ 11 forty-eight cities; QH^ »J^I D'^TW 12 
forty-two children; H^ B^?t^1 D*^'*?^' 13 thirty-three years; 

t t t : • : 

fW D>lWl D W ^'On 14 seventy-five years. 

t t • : • : • t •• t 

6. DW3-J JlND 15 « hundred prophets; D^IK HND 16 a hundred sockets; 

nxf-mw 1 roof hkb 18 « awm*™* y car« ; rr^D d^ied 19 « Mm- 

T T T " TT _ : T •' " 

dred pomegranates; JTj 1 ^ ^I^^j 20 or ^l/^ iT) 5 ?^ 21 a thousand burnt- 
offerings. 

7. a. DUfaTTKn 22 *fo/offy; Dn^H 23 ^^%- nnKH 24 &e one. 

^* t : - |t • : . |T T V |T 

6. DTOH nttfBPl 25 fce>e men; OVfi DUETO* fitf* the forty days; 
D^IK/bni D^?t^'ni n^t^'n 27 ^e too hundred and seventy-three; 
8P"*N D'flNDI D^'Onn 28 ^e too hundred and fifty men. [month. 

8. a. rtfJEftOfi n^O 29 ^ ^e./^ 2/ear; n^J"U7 £HrD 30 *'» ^g nW 

T |- T T T - *. . . - V -J ~ 

6. rn?^2 ftpV n^'?, 31 or m^ rtn^ nft#2P & ^e eiofentf* 
near; tl^ 0*l^J*")£O 33 *» the fortieth year. 

t t ^- t : - : 

e. ^31?^ rOt£^D 34 in the fourth year; yjtS^TfiJ?^ the seventh year. 

9. a. DW D^t^' 36 too on too; DDfiS^ "IflK 37 one for each tribe. 

•j- : -j- : v |t - t v 

b. D W3 38 twice; D*filte) fc^', 39 or D'bjfl t^fc* 40 three times; 
DflK 41 once; DD^ilNCOn^y i^3^ 42 seven fame* /or 2/owr sins; 
D^nyDt^ 43 seren times; D\ftj/!lHK 44 /owr ii'mes. 



1 2 Chron. 13:9. 
2Ezek. 40:22. 
s Deut. 1 :23. 
4Ezr.8:35. 
e Deut. 1:2. 
6 Gen. 46:18. 
?2Kgs. 10:1. 
»2 Chron. 3:4. 
9 Gen. 7:4. 
io Ex. 1:5. 
n Josh. 21:39. 



i2 2Kgs. 2:24. 

13 2 Sam. 5:5. 

14 Gen. 12:4. 
islKgs. 18:4. 
16 Ex. 38:27. 
n Gen. 17:17. 
is Gen. 11:10. 

is 2 Chron. 3:16. 
20 1 Kgs. 3:4. 

21 2 Chron. 1:6. 

22 Gen. 18:29. 



23 Gen. 18:31. 
2iEccles. 4:9. 

25 Judg. 18:17. 

26 Deut. 9:25. 

27 Num. 3:41. 

28 Num. 16:35. 

29 2 Chron. 29:3. 
soJer. 36:9. 

si 2 Chron. 34:8. 

32 2Kgs. 22:3. 

33 Deut. 1:3. 



34Zech. 7:1. 

35 Deut. 15:9. 

36 Gen. 7:9. 

37 Deut. 1:23. 
ss Num. 20:11. 

39 Ex. 23:17. 

40 Ex. 23:14. 

4i iKgs. 10:22. 

42 Lev. 26:18. 

43 Gen. 4:15. 

44 2 Sam. 12:6. 



I 15.] BY AN INDUCTIVE METHOD. 49 

c. ^Q one-half; /W'^' one-third; HiT 7XP two-thirds; Jfo^lK 
HIT four-fifths; J"ViT #t£T) nine-tenths. 

The various constructions of the numerals may be classified as follows : 
1- IH^ is an adjective, and follows the substantive which it modi- 

T V 

fies. a 

2. The numerals from two to ten are used with plural nouns and may 
stand in one of three constructions : — 

a. Before the noun and in annexion with it (3 8. 2. a). 

b. Before the noun, with the noun in apposition (§ 6. 2. and Bern. b). 

c. After the noun, and in apposition with it (3 6. 1. e)fi c 

3. The numerals from eleven to nineteen are used with plural nouns, d 
and usually stand before the noun [l 6. 2. and Rem. b), though sometimes 
after it (§ 6. 1. e). 

4. The numerals from twenty to ninety may be followed by the sub- 
stantive (in apposition, cf. I 6. 2. and Rem. b), or may be preceded by the 
substantive and stand in apposition with it (§6. 1. e). In the former 
case the substantive is generally in the singular, 6 in the latter it is always 
in the plural. 

5. Numerals made up of tens and units vary greatly in usage. They 
generally follow a plural noun, though sometimes they precede it. The 
common nouns cited below (Remarks d, e) generally stand in the singular, 
if [the numeral precedes. Frequently the substantive is used twice, in 
the singular with the ten, in the plural with the unit. 

6. The numerals HKD hundred. DVlND two hundred, together with 
the words for three hundred, four hundred, etc., and £17K thousand, 
0*5*?^ two thousand admit the same constructions as the numerals 
two to ten (see above 2. a.-c)f The substantive, except in the case of 
those named in Remarks d, e (below), is in the plural. 

7. In the use of the article with numerals, it may be noted that, 

a. A numeral standing alone receives it, as would any other noun. 

b. When the numeral is in the construct, the article is written with 
the following substantive ; when it is in the absolute, the article may be 
prefixed to the numeral, or to the substantive, or to both. 

8. In reference to the use of ordinals, it may be noted that, 

a. Those from one to ten are treated as ordinary adjectives. 

b. Above ten, the cardinals are used as ordinals, following in an- 
nexion with the noun, or preceding it in apposition. 

c. In dates, the cardinals from one to ten also are often used instead 
of the ordinals.0 



50 HEBREW SYNTAX \l 15. 

9. a. Distributives are expressed by the repetition of the numeral, or 
by the use of the preposition *?. 

b. Numeral adverbs are expressed by forms of DVID time, ^Xlfoot, 
"V hand, by feminine forms of the cardinals, by dual formations. 

T 

c. Fractions are expressed by specific words (e. g., ^f"7 one-half), 
by the feminine form of the ordinals, by use of the word ]TJ*|*, etc. 

T 

REMARKS. 

(a) inX is sometimes used as a substantive in annexion with a following- word, 
e. g. f 2 Sam. 13:13; Job 2:10. 

(b) This construction is comparatively rare and late. 

(e) Nouns designating weights and measures are frequently omitted after the 
numeral, which, however, is masculine or feminine according to the gender of the 
omitted noun; e. g., Gen. 24:22; 1 Sam. 10:4; Ruth 3:15. 

(d) Certain common nouns stand in the singular with the numerals eleven to nine- 
teen: UTK man, fl^K thousand, H73X cubit, DV day, ^pD silver, t?£)J soul, rtJ&? year, 
hpW shekel; e. g., Num. 1:44; Deut. 1:2; Hos. 3:2; Gen. 46:18. 

(e) But except in the case of the nouns just mentioned in Rem. d, and a few others 
denoting weight or measure, such as J"Q bath, 133 talent, *Q cor, n*U gerah, the nu- 
merals from twenty to ninety, even when they precede the substantive, usually take a 
noun in the plural; e. g., Num. 11:25; Ezek. 40:17. 

(/) These words, however, with the exception of HXD, having no construct, can* 
not stand in annexion with a following substantive. 

(y) In dates the nouns OV day, jyin month are frequently omitted; e. g., Gen. 8:5; 
Ex. 12:3; Deut. 1:3. 

REFERENCES FOR STUDY. 

Gen. 4:19; 5:26; 8:10,12; 25:23; 30:36; Judg.7:3 6 

31:23 2a. Judg. 11:33 4 

Gen. 7:24- 32:15 6 Judg. 14:17 7b. 

Gen.8:13; 14:4 8b. 1 Sam. 13:5; 25:18 6 

Gen.ll:25; 14:4; 17:20 3 lSam.20:27 8c. 

Gen. 18:2; 41:18 2b. 2 Sam. 2:15 3 

Gen. 18:24 4 2 Sam. 19:44 96. 

Gen. 23:1 5 2 Sam. 21:20.. 9a. 

Gen. 43:34 9b. lKgs.5:3; 7:2; 18:19 6 

Gen. 47:24 9c. 1 Kgs. 7:38 4 

Ex. 11:1 .-;... 1 2 Kgs. 6:25.. 9c. 

Ex. 12:3 8c. 2 Kgs. 18:23 6 

Ex. 12:6 8b. Isa. 6:2 9a. 

Ex. 29:40 9c. Ezek. 40:36 5 

Lev. 27:5 4 Zech. 11:12 4 

Num. 7:3 3 Zech. 13:8 9c. 

Num. 11:19 4 Prov.6:31 9b. 

Deut. 1:23 1 Job 32:1 2a. 

Deut. 4:13 7b. Neh. 8:2 8c. 

Deut. 4:41; 19:2 ; 2b. lChron.2:22 5 

Deut. 22:19 6 1 Chron. 23:4 6 

Josh.3:12; 4:3 3 lChron.25:5 2c. 

Josh. 4:20 7b. 2 Chron. 3:4 4 

Josh. 21:32 2c. 2Chron.ll:J7 2c. 



n. Use of* Tenses aiicl Moods. 

16. The Tenses, in General 

1. «. *")£DN iTtS^KfT/fcP un t° the woman he said. 

~ T T • |T 

&• t^K? nVHJD ^^nJpt 2 /an* too oZc£ £0 be to a husband. 
c. *3py*p DD1D ^n*l 3 a stor sAa?? proceed from Jacob, etc. 

2. a. nt£*' h 0'"T*£'' 4 tN 4 $e» 5a?i^ (proceeded to sing) Moses, [answering him. 

• |t t 

WW D*if?Nffi *"DT Ht^D 5 ^ se « & e 2^ speaking and God kept 

_,._-!_ . ... |T . .. _. 

^310 }*^^^ inN^D* 6 he found him in a desert land. 

t : • | v-iv : J" t : • 

b> tlft]? £^"1 13JON 7 J- see him but not now. 

n*"t5X *J3 *1'1D3""?]D*1 8 but all the first-born of my sons I redeem. 

v : v - t : t : 

D*nOff*"n D 4 p2f7 *n5^ 9 ^ e ^P s o/^e wise preserve them. 
c. tl\ffj?$ *)*•?'&$ HiOn JlHi* 10 now thou shalt see what I shall do. 
Mtn n^in nin* Ht^l 4 * ^HO 11 to-morrow Tahwehwill do this thing. 
^OKH ^b^ pD"}*^ 4 ^DD 12 /wm eve?*?/ free q/" the garden thou 
mayest eat. 
TV]]}^ 4t 7"J"T 4 nJl ^l^i 4 ^! 13 that they may be to me for a testimony. 

The Hebrew has, strictly speaking, two tenses. These, however, do 
not correspond to the tenses of the Indo-European languages. The fol- 
lowing general statements, based chiefly on the examples cited above, al- 
though also in part upon a larger induction, will present, briefly, the 
peculiarities of the Hebrew tenses : 

1. The Perfect, used alike of actions or states belonging to the sphere 
of the past, present, or future, represents the action or state as actually 
completed (finished), or as conceived of by the writer or speaker as com- 
pleted. Hence it may be used 



i Gen. 3:16. 


s Ex. 19:19. 


s Ex. 13:15. 


"Ex. 9:5. 


2 Ruth 1:12. 


eDeut. 32:10. 


a Prov. 14:3. 


12 Gen. 2:16. 


s Num. 24:17. 


7 Num. 24:17. 


io Ex. 6:1. 


is Gen. 21:3( 


* Ex. 15:1. 









52 HEBREW SYNTAX [§ 16. 

a. Of actions belonging to the past, and so finished. 

b. Of actions or states in the present, but regarded as finished. 

c. Of actions or states that are yet to happen, but which, for the 
sake of effect, the writer or speaker describes as having actually taken 
place or existed. 

2. The Imperfect, used alike of actions or states belonging to the 
sphere of the past, present or future, represents the action or state as 
actually incomplete (unfinished), or as conceived of by the writer or 
speaker as incomplete. Hence it may be used 

a. Of actions belonging to the past, but regarded by the writer as 
incipient or frequentative. 

b. Of actions in the present, regarded as happening or likely to 
happen. 

c. Of actions in the future, and so, whether the idea be that of 
mere futurity, or of possibility, obligation, purpose or condition, in the 
strictest sense unfinished. 

GENERAL REMARKS. 

(1) The tense, therefore, has in itself no indication of the order of 
time ; it merely assigns to the action or state a given characteristic, viz., 
completeness, or incompleteness. The order of time, i. e., the sphere of 
time (whether past, present, or future) of each action or state must be 
determined from the context. 

(2) The Imperfect may perhaps better be described as representing an 
action as coming, or becoming, i. e., as in movement. The Perfect, on the 
other hand, is the tense of rest. The former represents the thing as doing, 
the latter represents it as done. 

(3) The names "Past" and "Future" not only fail to convey the true 
meaning of the tenses, but carry with them an entirely false conception. 
The names "Aorist" and "Subsequent" are far better; 1 yet also they 
fail to cover the respective usages of these tenses. The terms "Perfect" 
and "Imperfect," while not entirely satisfactory, seem, upon the whole, 
to be the best. They are, however, to be used in the sense described, 
viz., "finished," "unfinished." 

(4) No effort to translate literally the Hebrew tenses will be success- 
ful. It is incorrect to say, e. g., that the literal rendering of Gen. 2:5 is 
and a mist will go up, etc. The future idea is no more a necessary ele- 
ment in the Imperfect tense than in the Perfect. Every attempt to follow 
rigidly the so-called past and future rendering will fail. 



i Suggested by Prof. Wm. G. Ballantine, D. D., in October Hebraica, 1885, pp.53-55. 



1 17.] BY AN INDUCTIVE METHOD. 53 

(5) This peculiarity often appears also in the Greek, e. g., neicai differs 
from irei&eiv, and fj-v nefoyg from py 7reZi?£ not as to the sphere of time to 
which they belong, but as to the character of the act. Both are indefinite 
as to date ; the former, however, is momentary, the latter, continuous. 

(6) The distinction indicated by the tenses is not necessarily a real 
one. It may exist only in the mind of the writer or speaker. He is at 
liberty, therefore, upon one occasion to describe the action as it really is, 
upon another, as he for any reason may conceive it to be. Still further, 
in describing events belonging to the past he may either represent them 
as they really are, viz., finished, or he may, for the sake of rhetorical 
effect, represent them as taking place before his eyes. In the same series, 
one event may be described in one way, the second in the other way. In 
the representation of events belonging to the sphere of the future, the 
same liberty may be exercised. At times this is puzzling ; but, in most 
cases, the context is a sure guide. 

(7) There is danger, of course, that in our effort to analyze the various 
possible uses of the tenses, we may force into them some significations 
which they were never intended to convey. Prof. Driver, however, has 
truly said : " In itself the Perfect (for example) enunciates simply the 
completion of an act : it is by way of accommodation to the usage of an- 
other language that, eliciting its special force from the context, we make 
the meaning more definite by exhibiting it explicitly, as occasion de- 
mands, under the form of an aorist, a perfect, or a present." 

17. The Perfect, Used of Past Events. 

1. P^NH DN1 D'Wrr fiN "N &TQ 1 God created the heaven and the 

I V|T T " : -J- T .- " ,TT 

•HDJ-fiJ* l^l W)3) 2 and Gush begat Nimrod. {earth. 

*n£ ^£Oi£^ *J^I 3 and the children of Israel were fruitful. 

t •• t : • •• : 

'*5 *n 7D D*3t^' wTWfi three years reigned he in Jerusalem. 

2. nir?' - JlN ^Qty 5 they have forsaken Yahweh. 
^1^5 ^1 7^3 tl?J? Q why hath thy countenance fallen ? 

I-IVT : |T TJT 

w V *\r\t& ^fcTN 7 who have set themselves against me. 

|t*t jt v -: 

rnrnn OnD ^N^ft 8 my loins have become (=are)/w?Z of anguish. 

t t : - - : t : |t . 

3. 'Drip 1 ? *D te W"JlN 9 whose ox have I taken? 

• : J-i-t • 

HN? *typ% m Q$ 10 if I have (ever) done this. 

i Gen. 1:1. 4 1 Kgs. 15:2. ?Ps.3:7. 9 1 Sam. 12:3. 

2 Gen. 10:8. 5 isa. 1:4. 8 Isa. 21:3. ioPs.7:4. 

3 Ex. 1:7. 6 Gen. 4:6. 



54 HEBREW SYNTAX [§ 17, 

1? nnriJ 1 j? JlINn 1 thou Jiast given him the desire of his heart. 

t *t v -: : - : 

DD^f^ W"P7 DilK^n 3 2/ e ^ ac ^ sinned against Yahweh your God. 
Df!/ 70K K7 ^3 4 /or he had not eaten bread. 

VJV - T 

The Perfect, designating that which is finished, is used of past events. 
Here may be distinguished, 

1. The historical perfect (employed in simple narration), which denotes 
an action or state completed at or during a particular period in the past. 
This period, long or short, is fixed by the context. There is no reference 
to other events. 

2. The present perfect (or Greek perfect), which denotes an action 
(not a state) completed in the past, but viewed in relation to the present ; 
in other words, an action resulting in a state. a *> 

3. The indefinite perfect, which denotes an action completed at some 
point in the past, which " the speaker is not able or desirous to specify 
more closely." 6 

4. The pluperfect, which denotes a finished action, viewed in relation 
to some other past action, either already mentioned, or yet to be men- 
tioned. 

REMARKS. 

(a) This perfect is frequently to be rendered as a present, though the past should 
be used wherever it is possible, 

(b) The difference between this and the historical [perfect is an important one. 
The whole interpretation of a passage will turn on the choice made. 

(c) While the exact moment is not specified, the limits within which it must fall 
are often seen from the context. 

REFERENCES FOR STUDY. 

Gen. 1:31; 19:28; 20:18;34:5 4 Isa.5:24b 3 

Gen. 25:30; 32:11; 49 :30f 1 Isa.6:6 4 

Gen. 32:11 3 Jer. 2:11a.... 3 

Ex. 3:18; 4:22 ODK) .-3 Ps.2:l; 5:11; 16:6; 17:5; 22:2; 31:15; 

Ex. 12:40 1 88:7-10 2 

Num. 9:23 1 Ps.3:8; 44:2 3 

Num.22:33 4 Ps.30:3; 40:8; 44:3f 1 

Deut.2:14 1 Ps.48:4 2 

Judg.6:28..., 4 Job4:3; 9:4; 37:20 3 

2Sam. 18:18 4 Job 19:18-20 3 



IPs. 21:3. 2 Gen. 2:3. 3Deut.9:16. 4 1 Sam. 28:20. 



§ 18.] BY AN INDUCTIVE METHOD. 55 

18. The Perfect, Used of Present Events. 

1. nin^N H' Tlblil 1 Ityt up my hand to Yahweh. 

t : v "t • j • -: 

1*M PiVrf? ^JVW iilK*) 2 and him I appoint to be prince. 

• t : r • j- • 

DDfT^K ^Drilttf fifty) 3 and now I send a wise man. 

t t | • • : -j- t t *- : 

2. *1HJ^"T* N*? 4 [I have perceived = I have come to know =) I know not. ' 
"1JH H^rf"riK IDSt 5 we remember the fish, etc. 

T t - v :-i-t 

Q*lDnn ^30 TOCDD 6 Jaw* too small for all the mercies, etc. 

•t -:|- • • : J Jt 

3. ^IPOD ^lit^ 1^"1* 7 an ox knoweth his owner. 

J" | " -T 

r*¥ ^33 *V¥n tiO* 8 #rass withereth, flower fadeth. 
" T • T -T 

""/IN ?7fcO '* £3'3n O^D&ft 9 from heaven Y. looks down; he sees, etc. 

T T * ' 'J- T - 

The Perfect, as designating that which is finished, is used of events 
which, indeed, are regarded as completed, yet sustain so close a relation to 
the present as in many cases to be regarded as belonging to the sphere 
of the present. Here belong, 

1. The perfect of the immediate past, which denotes an action finished 
at the moment or just before the moment of speaking, and is generally 
best rendered by our present. 

2. The stative perfect, used of verbs expressing a physical or mental 
state (see Elements, § 58. Note 3); ab here the state or condition is one 
which, although entered into in the past, or the result of some past activ- 
ity, is regarded as existing at the time of speaking, and is, consequently, 
best rendered by the present. 

3. The perfect of experience, used to express truths which have been 
established by experience, and, hence, generally accepted.** 6 

REMARKS. 

(a) Compare the Latin novi, memini, and the Greek 616a. 

(b) The most common verbs in this class will be found below in the " Eef erences 
for Study." 

(c) It is not to be supposed that the Perfect of these verbs is limited to this usage. 
They may have, according to the demands of the context, the other uses of the per- 
fect. 

(d) With this use of the Perfect may be compared the gnomic aorist of the Greek. 

(e) The Imperfect is likewise employed to express general truths, but from a dif- 
ferent point of view (§21.3). 



i Gen. 14:22. 4 Gen. 4:9. 6 Gen. 32:11. s Isa. 40:7. 

2lKgs. 1:35. s Num. 11:5. 1 1sa. 1:3a. 9 Ps. 33:13. 

3 2Chron.2:12. 



56 HEBREW SYNTAX [g 19. 

REFERENCES FOR STUDY. 

Gen. 21:26; 27:9 2 Ps. 7:16; 15:3-5; 24:4; 33:13; 34:11; 37:23; 

Ex.lO:3(jKD) 3 39:12; 84:4 3 

Sam.2:l(nDty) 2 Ps.25:2 (r»33) 2 

Sam. 2:3-5 3 Ps. 92:6 (S"U) 2 

1 Sam. 17:10 1 Ps. 104:24 (*6d, 321).. 1 2 

2Sam.l6:4; 17:11; 19:30 1 Ps. 144:4 (HDI) 2 

Isa.40:8,23 3 Prov. 11:2, 8; 22:12 f 3 

Isa. 55:9 (m:) 2 Prov. 20:9 (intt) 2 

Ps.5:6(^jty) 2 Job 10:15 (p-tf) 2 

Ps.7:2(HDn) 2 Ruth 1:12 (jp?) 2 



7P. The Perfect, Used of Future Events. 

1- Tl7 Tin^ mt^n 1 the field I give (== w;i7Z <7^e) tfAee. 

| |T • -I" T V T " 

nK?<l 'NiTfiNt *firti ^iHf? 2 &> % see d I will give this land. 
'* JW'ift *3 *WT 3 I know that Yahweh will save. 

2. a. Ifpty ft?} \2^ therefore my people shall go into captivity. 

DpV*9 3513 ni^ 5 a siar shall proceed from Jacob, etc. 
^i"!^ *")iN W*\ Dl^n 6 the people shall see a great light. 

T T -T T 

b. ]££ TK«-1# 1&%\ tp& rnifT? ffertf and he shall sweep 
onward into Judali; he shall overflow and pass through; he shall 
reach even to the neck. 

wnwn iwn diik far xh- • -own ^i?-^ 8 /^ the stars 

of heaven shall not give their light, the sun shall be darkened, etc. 

c. '*-riK njn pkh ntf?o-»3- • .vwitsP k^ 9 and they shaii do 

no harm for the earth shall be filled with the knowledge of Y. 

inf^j D1*1DD i"V)!2nX"*3 10 f or the windows of heaven shall be 

t : • t • "•.-•* 

opened. 

*^53 ^1p '* ^OJ^"^ 11 f 0T Y> shall hear the voice of my weeping. 

3. 1^*1^3 Hin* 0^r\l"^ 12 for Y. will have given them into our hand. 

J"T : t : t t : 

Hill? ?JlT?t^ *5 Tl 1 ? 13 go, for (then) Y. will have sent thee. [ten. 

rn^irfn^N 'nrn^'to^ 14 and thine issue which thou shalt have begot- 



1 Gen. 23:11. 


s Num. 24:17. 


9 Isa. 11:9. 


121 Sam. 14:10. 


2 Gen. 15:18. 


elsa. 9:1. 


10 Isa. 24:18. 


13 1 Sam. 20:22. 


3Ps.20:7. 


7 Isa. 8:8. 


11 Ps. 6:9(cf.l0). 


14 Gen. 48:6. 


4 Isa. 5:13. 


elsa. 13:10. 







\ 19.] BY AN INDUCTIVE METHOD. 57 

TX^y TsV"^V X until the time when she shall have brought forth. 

4. D3DN WH N^ DHiX Dn^nrr ft 2 #>« ted tept them alive, I 

v : v • : -J- t t v • -: [- 

should not have killed you. 

WTI D'lDD- • • Mb ynjil "£ '♦ ^fr 3 ezcep* Z. o/Aoste Aad left us 

a very small remnant, ice should have been as Sodom, etc. 

♦flKBnV • • -fl^N VDN^Jl K^-DN 4 «f /<&> no* bring him(= shall 

wo£ Acwe brought) back to thee then I will bear the blame. 

The Perfect, as designating that which is finished, or conceived of 
as finished, is frequently used of events which belong to the sphere of the 
future. a Here are to be noted, 

1. The perfect of certainty, used of actions in the future, which the 
speaker or actor has fully determined to perform ; this occurs especially 
in the statement of promises, decrees, and contracts. 

2. The prophetic perfect, really aq, extension of the Perfect of certain- 
ty; this use of the tense portrays boldly and expressively the confidence 
of the speaker as to the certain occurrence of a yet future event. There 
may be distinguished, 

a. Cases in which the Perfect is the first verb of a series, the re- 
maining verbs being Perfects of a similar character, or Imperfects with a 
future meaning. 

b. Cases in which the series of verbal forms, while composed chiefly 
of Imperfects, contains here and there a Perfect which has been inserted 
"to give variety to the scene, or to confer particular emphasis upon indi- 
vidual, traits in it." 

c. Cases in which the Perfect is used after *p in assigning a reason 
for something which, though still future, is deemed certain. 

3. The future-perfect, which denotes a finished action, viewed in rela- 
tion to some other action still in the future.** 

4. The conditional perfect, used in certain forms of conditional sen- 
tences (§ 48. 6, 7), in which the fulfillment or non-fulfillment of the 
condition is thus vividly expressed. c d 

REMARKS. 

(a) The ease with which the Hebrew writer passed from one tense to the other is 
paralleled only by the difficulty which the modern translator finds in expressing the 
force of the change. 

(o) The auxiliaries shall have, or will have do not always furnish the best rendering 
of this construction, there being many cases in which, especially after conjunctions, 



iMic.5:2. 2judg.8:19. 3lsa. 1:9. 4 Gen. 43:9. 



58 HEBREW SYNTAX [g 20. 

the ordinary rendering- (has or have) is entirely sufficient; e. g., H&OJ , i) (Isa. 16: 12; 
Gen. 28:15; 2Kgs. 4:24). 

(c) That the Perfect may also be used to express a wish, i. e., as a Precative, is claim- 
ed by some grammarians. In accordance with this usage, the following passages are 
by some explained: Isa. 26:15; 43:9; Ps.4:2; 7:7; 10:16; 22:22; 31:6; 57:7; 71:3; 116:16; 
Job 21:16; 22:18, and a few others. But expositors do not agree on the cases in which 
this force exists; and nearly every case cited by any writer can be satisfactorily ex- 
plained in another way. 

(d) Of interest, likewise, are those cases in which the Perfect is used in interroga- 
tion (1) after such phrases as ''fiD 1,1? till when ? HJK lp up to where? e.g., Ex. 10:3; 
Ps. 80:5; and (2) where the speaker desires to represent a thing as highly improbable; 
e. g., Gen. 18:12; 21:7; Deut. 5:23; Judg. 11:13. 

REFERENCES FOR STUDY. 

Gen. 17:20 1 Isa. 46:1 f 2a. 

Gen. 30:13 2c. Isa. 60:1 2c. 

Ex. 12:17 1 Jer. 2:20; 13:26 2a. 

Lev.26:44 1 Jer. 25:38 2b. 

Num.32:19 ...1 Jer. 28:2 2a. 

Deut.28:45, 62 3 Jer. 31:14. 1 

Judg. 14:18... 4 Jer. 46:14-16 2a. 

Judg. 15:3 1 Joel 2:10; 4:15 2b. 

1 Sam. 1:28 3 Amos 5:2 2a. 

1 Sam. 15:2 1 Mic. 1:9, 12, 16 2c. 

1 Sam. 25:34 4 Zeph.l:ll 2c. 

2 Sam. 5:24 3 Zech. 9:5 2c. 

lKgs.3:13 1 Zech.ll:2 2c. 

Isa. 6:5 1 Ps. 7:13; 11:2 2b. 

Isa. 9:1-6; 10:28-31 2a. Ps. 22:22, 30 2a. 

Isa. 11:8; 13:10 2b. Ps. 28:6 2c. 

Isa. 16:12 3 Ps. 30:12; 36:13 2a 

Isa. 16:8,9 2c. Ps.41:4 2a. 

Isa. 16:10; 18:5 2b. Ps.56:14 2c. 

Isa. 21:1 2a. Ps. 59:17 3 

Isa. 23:1, 4, 14 2c. Ps. 71:24 2c. 

Isa. 24:4-12 2a. Ps. 73:15 4 

Isa. 25:8 2b. Ps. 85:11 2a. 

Isa. 34:2 ..2c. Ps. 94:17 4 

Isa. 43:20 ...1 Buth 4:3 1 



20, . The Imperfect, used of Past Events. 

1. a. 12 "frlK D1* "ON? n perish the day on which I was born. 
^D^DD* nDnri 2 the depths covered them, 
lyift P"W5 ^*"W^£?* 3 he found him in a desert land. 



i Job 3:3. 2 Ex. 15:5. s Dt. 32:10. 



§ 20.] BY AN INDUCTIVE METHOD. 59 

0. nt^'D'TK^ tN 1 ^cw. sarc# [proceeded to sing) Moses. 

• T T 

'to rpn? b*ip rn^5 d^ ft? awcZ n ° sArM& °/ the fi dd was 

yet in the earth. 

WE) DUl^ N*72D* ftfc 3 ^e» our mouth was filled with laughter. 

i-r I : •• t • t 

2. n^5 H^ Ht^l^ f?^ 4 aw ^ so ^ e <^ 2/ ear ty year. [throng. 

t&yiEi TT^n^ D*ri7N jt35 5 ^ e wse ^ ^° @° io ^ e ^° use °f @°d * w a 

DiD**"! Dlt^D $fr ^IN&P' ^*in 6 SauTs sword never returned empty. 

}t " T T VJ." 

The Imperfect, designating that which is unfinished (developing, mov- 
ing), is used of events which belong to the sphere of the past. Here may- 
be distinguished : a 

1. The incipient (strictly so called) imperfect, which represents the 
action so designated as beginning or in movement. This usage, 

a. Is most common in poetic and prophetic diction, when, present- 
ing the action in the most vivid and lively manner, it is equivalent to our 
historical presentP c d 

b. Is common in prose with certain particles which mark the point 
in the past at which the action described was still unconcluded. These 
particles are fK then, DHtD, D1C03 not yet. 6 

t vjv vjv : 

2. The frequentative imperfect, used to express repeated ants, habits 
or customs/ n 

REMARKS. 

(a) Certain exceptional cases of the Imperfect used of past time are Gen. 37:7; 
Ex. 8:20; Deut. 32:35; 2 Sam. 15:37; 23:10; 1 Kgs. 7:8b; 21:6; 2 Kgs. 13:20; Jer. 52:7; Ezek. 
9:4; Job 6:17; Ps.56:4. 

(b) This Imperfect is frequently used in poetry immediately after a Perfect, to in- 
dicate the "rapid and instantaneous manner in which the second action is conceived 
as following the first," e. g.,Ex. 15:12, 14; Hab. 3:10; Ps. 37:14f.; 74:14; 77:17. 

(c) Just as a prophetic Perfect may be inserted in a series of Imperfects (§ 19. 2. b), 
so an Imperfect may be inserted in a series of Perfects, and the description thus be 
rendered more lively and forceful, e. g., Isa. 9:10; Joel 2:3 ff. ; Nah. 2:5. 

(d) This Imperfect is also frequently used in descriptions instead of the more com- 
monly employed participle, e. g., Gen. 2:10; and in circumstantial clauses, e. g., 2 Sam. 
15:37. 

(e) IK is found sometimes with the Perfect; D^D also, but rarely; e. g., Gen. 4:26; 
24:15; Ex. 4:26; 15:15; 1 Sam. 3:7a; Ps. 90:2. 

( f) The frequentative use of the Imperfect has its origin as follows : the Imperfect 
characterizes an action or state as uncompleted. The action thus characterized, may, 
indeed, be one which has not begun; but, if begun, and in the sphere of the past, it 
must, unless it be a continuous action, be one which is repeatedly exercized. A mere 
continuous action (see h below) is expressed by the Participle. 

i Ex. 15:1. s p s . 126:2. e Ps. 55:15. 6 2 Sam. 1:22. 

2 Gen. 2:5. <1 Sam. 1:7. 



60 HEBREW SYNTAX [g 21. 

(g) The incipient and frequentative Imperfect denote actions which are un- 
finished; they differ, however, in that the former is used only of single acts, the 
latter of several. 

(h) The difference between the usage of the Participle and Imperfect is important: 
the former represents an action as continuing without interruption; the latter as occur- 
ring repeatedly. In many cases the difference may be difficult to perceive; a close 
study, however, will invariably show that there is a distinction, it being impossible to 
substitute one for the other without a change of meaning. " While the Imperfect 
multiplies an action, the Participle prolongs it; the one presents a series of units, the 
other, a continuous line."* Cf . Gen. 29:2; 1 Sam. 2:13 f. ; 1 Kgs. 10:22. 

REFERENCES FOR STUDY. 

Gen. 2:10 la. 1 Kgs. 3:4; 5:28 2 

Gen. 6:4 2 Isa. 1:21 2 

Gen. 19:4; 24:45 lb. Isa.6:2 ...la. 

Gen. 30:38; 31:39 2 Isa. 7:23 2 

Ex. 1:12 2 Isa. 23:7 2 

Ex.l5:6,7,15 la. Isa.26:ll 2 

Ex. 19:19 2 Isa. 43:17 la. 

Num. 9:16-23 2 Isa. 45:4 la. 

Num. 23:7 la. Isa. 51:2 la. 

Deut. 32:16, 17 2 Hab. 3:3, 7 la. 

Josh.8:30; 10:12; 23:1 lb. Ps. 7:16 la. 

Josh. 23:10 .2 Ps. 18:4, 7, 21 , la. 

Judg.2:l la. Ps.30:9 la. 

Judg.2:18 2 Ps.42:5 2 

Judg.5:8,26,29 la. Ps.69:5 lb. 

Judg.6:5 2 Ps.95:10 2 

1 Sam. 2:22 2 Ps.99:6f 2 

1 Sam. 3:3, 7b lb. Ps. 104:6-8 la. 

1 Sam. 9:9. 3 Job 4:12; 10:10 f la. 

2 Sam. 15:37 let. 

21. The Imperfect, used of Present Events. 

1. ftfpitytVS ^J2Vh} saying: What art thou seeking? 

3l$Fiwi? $w w\ft nin 2 so > y e see W 6 ) man ** ma< ^' 

¥*\$ m *!2frft toyyV 3 kings of the earth set themselves. 

2. '"LH1 *V2W |3"^ 4 therefore it is said, etc. 

rniDK *J3 *YD2r , ?3V an ^ a ^ the first-born of my sons I redeem. 

v : v - t : t : 

*JTtt* IHIt^"* *{^'M 6 ^y soul he restoreth, he guideth, etc. 
l%y fl'liT W"T)N 7 those who fear Yahvoeh, he honoretk 



* Driver's Use of the Tenses in Hebrew, 1881, pp. 41, 42. 
l Gen. 37:15. sPs. 2:2. 5 Ex. 13:15. ips.l5:4. 

2 1 Sam. 21 :15. 4 Gen. 10 :9 6 p s . 23 :3. 



I 21.] BY AN INDUCTIVE METHOD. 61 

3. Dn:nn nrj^n 'wp 1 j™* ™ ^ es do. 

Utib n$y "*1 DWlfr HN^ OINiT 2 »iaw 7oofc«% <m «Ae appear- 

t •• - v :■ - m-^-t ,.•.• :• T T |T 

ance, to JT. looketh on the heart. 

rTW' 1 ?!/ UJDD f^in 3 ^6 door turneth on its hinges. 
"* DOT-. • • D'DTfi^N 4 *Ae bloody man Y. abhorreth. 
4. £"p£?* DN? Tp^3 5 Benjamin is a ravening wolf. [man? 

DID* KfiJND WW1 f)N"*£ 6 w^o art ^o« ^a* ^om /ecrres* mortal 

t v:|" • : |- - : - 

The Imperfect, as designating that which is unfinished and so develop- 
ing and moving, is used of actions or states which belong to the sphere of 
the present. Here we may, for convenience, distinguish, 

1. The incipient (strictly so called) imperfect, which gives more force 
and vividness to the action, or represents it as taking place (or beginning 
to take place), while the words are being spoken. a 

2. The definite frequentative, used of particidar facts which are accus- 
tomed to occur more or less frequently within certain limits of time. 

3. The indefinite frequentative, used in the statement of facts which; 
may and do occur at any time, and of truths universally admitted.^ 

4. The adjectival imperfect, coming strictly under the indefinite fre- 
quentative, which, with an omitted relative, serves to denote a general 
attribute of the object with which it is connected. 

REMARKS. 

(a) It is not unusual for such an Imperfect to be found in a series of Perfects,, 
referring strictly to the present, thus rendering- the style more vivid, as well as more 
varied; e. g., Isa. 2:8; 9:10; 10:4, 28. Cf. § 20. It. c. 

(b) The use of the Imperfect to express "general truths" is to be distinguished; 
from the similar usage of the Perfect of experience (§ 18. 3). The Imperfect empha- 
sizes the idea that the fact or truth is one liable at any time to occur; the Perfect, 
that it is a permanent and established one, as shown by past experience. The occa- 
sional occurrence of both usages in the same verse is sometimes merely for variety, 
though frequently very significant. Cf. Ps. 2:1 f.; 5:6; 6:7; 7:13 f.; 22:16; 23:5; 26:4, 5; 
38:12; Prov.4:17; 12:12; 28:1; Job 3:17; 11:20. 

REFERENCES FOR STUDY. 

Gen. 22:14 2 Josh. 7:12 2 

Gen.37:15 1 Judg.l4:10 2 

Ex. 18:15 2 1 Sam. 9:6 2 

Num. 24:17 1 1 Sam. 24:13 3 

Deut. 28:49 3 2 Sam. 5:8b 2 

Deut. 32:11 4 Isa. 1:23 , 2 



i Deut. 1:44. sprov. 26:14. s Gen. 49:27. 6 Isa. 51:12. 

2 1 Sam. 16:7. 4p 8 .5:7. 



62 HEBREW SYNTAX [§ 22. 

Isa.5:ll, 23 2 Ps.l:3, 4, 5,6 2 

Isa. 9:2 3 Ps. 3:6 2 

Isa. 14:8 2 Ps. 3:7 2 

Isa. 31:4 3 Ps. 11:2 2 

Isa. 32:6 3 Ps.ll:4 3 

Isa. 40:20 4 Ps. 12:3 2 

Isa.40:31 3 Ps. 16:4 ...2 

Isa.55:13 4 Ps. 17:9,12 2 

Isa. 62:1b 4 Ps. 18:26-28 3 

Jer.6-A , ...1 Ps.42:2 4 

Hos.4:ll 3 Ps. 104:11-17 3 

Hos. 4:14 4 Pro v. 10:1, 2,3, 4 3 

Hab.3:9 1 Job 5:2 3 

22. The Imperfect, used of Future Events. 

1- 0^¥5n TlflK IliO*"?? 1 w ^ ien the Egyptians shall see thee. 
tl&flftt *3 V1H fi/M 2 whereby shall I know that I shall, etc. 

TJY T ' • - " ' T - 

D1K £0$ FIT} 4 * H)tl) 3 and he will be a loild-ass of men. 

^flDfi- • -\l^"lfi jTHiTDJO 4 but if ye do evil, ye will be swept away. 

t • * J" T - " t • : 

2. a. "iflfl!? Di^H J^Dt^n 5 $om ca^s^ understand a dream to interpret it. 

fcttil ^5T ^31°^ *fi#""J* 6 I know that he can speak well. 
Vl^D^N 1 ? It^N *1D^ 7 oasen which coidd not be counted. 

: |t • v -: Jt t 

b. ^D^fl • • • PD'TJ?. ^bD 8 /^ ^ ever?/ tree thou may est eat. 

TY£~\T\ "y^^ the murderer may return. [thou shalt eat. 

- •• T T 

3. a. ^IDKJI *")£jyi Tl 1 ?/) ^pnilvi? 10 upon thy belly thou shalt go aud dust 

Di^Jl K^ nVlil & 1 ? 11 thou shalt do no murder. . . thou shalt not 

b. tt'^J^Dil nnfrO 12 but thou shouldst rule over him. [steal. 

t : • t - : 

1JDX HID* *7M niD^n 14 was ^fcwer to cfee as a/ooZ <fe& 

•• : - T T t : - 

c. Tl*l3i^ &0"'"OT 15 let now thy servant speak. 

d. ilDJZ? H^n NtDfl^^N 16 Ze£ not the king sin against his servant. 
"HIT"! ^3^ n^ 5 ? 17 why shouldst thou smite thy neighbor? 

*fi$ '? *3JN *£ 18 who am I that I should go? 

i Gen. 12:12. 6 Ex. 4:14. u Ex. 20:14. i* Gen. 44:18. 

2 Gen. 15:8 ? 1 Kgs. 8:5. 12 Gen. 4:7. ie 1 Sam. 19:4. 

3 Gen. 16:12. s Gen. 2:16. is 1 Sam. 20:5. » Ex. 2:13. 

4 1 Sam. 12:25. 9 Num. 35:28. m 2 Sam. 3:33. is Ex. 3:11. 
s Gen. 41:15. 10 Gen 3:14. 



I 22.] BY AN INDUCTIVE METHOD. 63 

4. a. ^^Ori *)^K£? \2T\ 0^7 Hip 1 take for you straw whence ye may 
find it. [brother. 

injjTVnN fl^TT "^"fr? DV^ 2 ^ ie mur d erer w h° might slay his 

me half thy house, I would not go in with thee. 

n$3? ?|0 dj pari ^"^ ntt? 1 ? #n* ^v-dx 4 «r a aw 

ccw?c? number the dust of the earth, thy seed also could be numbered. 
c tyftffl £& ^^^? 5 ^at ^ ie y ma y n °t understand. 
Dlp^'NT? ^tJ'N ?J?£? ? 6 ^ a ^ ^Aere may not come near. 
VX> rf?^~|£) 7 lest he put forth his hand. 

The Imperfect, as designating that which is unfinished, finds its fullest 
and largest use in describing events which are yet within the sphere of 
the future. Here we may distinguish : 

1. The future imperfect, corresponding to our future. This is merely 
an extension of the incipient Imperfect (§§ 21, 1; 22. 1), since future ac- 
tions are conceived of as events which are to begin at some future time. a 

2. The potential imperfect, which denotes 

a. Possibility and capability, usually best expressed by the auxil- 
iaries can, may, or if the action is viewed from the stand-point of 
the past, by could, might. 

b. Permission and concession, to be rendered in the same way. b 

3. The imperative imperfect, used in presenting ideas which are also 
expressed by the Imperative, or which are practically equivalent to those 
expressed by the Imperative : — 

a. Command, prohibition; the latter may be expressed only by the 
Imperfect, the Imperative never being used with a negative 
(8 24. 1. a.). 

b. Obligation, necessity; the exact rendering in these cases must be 
determined by the demands of the context, e. g., i" must sit, I 
ought to sit, I am to sit, I should sit. 

c. Entreaty, deprecation; these may be distinguished from com- 
mand, and prohibition, by noting the position of the speaker and 
his relation to the person or persons addressed. With this be- 
longs the use of the Imperfect in 



i Ex. 5:11. si Kgs. 13 :8. e Gen. 11 :7. 7 Gen. 3 :23. 

2Deut.4:42. * Gen. 13:16. 6 Num. 17:5. 



64 HEBREW SYNTAX [§ 22. 

d. Questions implying deprecation or entreaty ; c d or perhaps only- 
greater courtesy than would have been expressed by the Per- 
fect.* 
4. The subjunctive imperfect; under which may be classified loosely 
three or four general usages : 

a. In expressions of indefiniteness and uncertainty (compare § 23. 2, 
above); 

b. In certain forms of conditional sentences (3 48. 4, 7. a) ; 

c. In final sentences after conjunctions, e. g., WIZF?* ""VD^^l 
(5 47. 4. 5)./ 

REMARKS. 

(a) It may be sufficient to say that the Imperfect is used to denote future events 
because they arj in the strictest sense incomplete. 

(b) The cases belonging- under the potential Imperfect are to be regarded as Indica- 
tives, since they express independent ideas (cf. § 23. 4. a). 

(c) Compare Josh. 9:8 and Gen. 16:8. 

(d) After nn 1 ?, jma, t*. 

(6) Compare the use of the Perfect in Gen. 40:15; Isa. 43:22. 

(/) On the use of the Imperfect with ) to express purpose, see § 24. 1. e, and 2. d. 

REFERENCES FOR STUDY. 

Gen. 2:17 da. 1 Sam. 14:44 3b. 

Gen. 27:4, 10,19,25 4c. 1 Sam. 21:15 3d. 

Gen. 42:37 2b. lKgs.3:8 2a. 

Ex. 3:3 3b. lKgs. 8:27 2a. 

Ex. 5:11 4cl 2Kgs. 12:5 4a. 

Ex. 5:15 3d. Isa. 1:18 1 

Ex. 8:23 4a. Isa. 33:14 2a. 

Ex. 9:39 4a. Isa. 40:30 2b. 

Ex. 10:26 ,....3b. Isa. 49:15 2a. 

Ex. 20:3-17 3a. Jer.24:2... 2a. 

Ex. 21:12 3a. Hos.2:l 2a. 

Ex. 22:26 3b. Ps.5:8 ...2a. 

Num. 11:12 3d. Ps.8:5 3d. 

Num. 15:14 ,3a. Ps. 15:1 , ...2a. 

Num. 23:8 3b. Ps. 18:30 2a. 

Num. 32:11 3a. Ps.27:3 4b. 

Num. 35:33 2a. Ps.30:6 2b. 

Num. 36:7, 9 , 3a. Ps.32:8 3b. 

Dt. 5:22 3d. Ps. 44:21 f 4b. 

Dt. 12:11....... 1 Job4:19 2a. 

Dt. 32:29 4b. Job 7:17 3d. 

Judg.l7:9 3d. Job 8:11 2a. 

Judg. 19:17 3d. Job 38:31 2a. 



I 23.] BY AN INDUCTIVE METHOD. 65 

23. The Jussive, Imperative and Gohortative. 

1. a. "fiK"*(T N IDX^l 1 <^ GW said: Let there he light. 

TON'DJO ?]^N"MN 135 2 ^'wr thy father and thy mother. 
'7\y DO^n 3 ^ thy hand release it. 
^DiDt^FT^JSt *p3 D11 4 ^tic? s ^ e <^ wo* innocent blood, 
o. Dpl^* ^jl* 5 «7~aco& wi7Z [be permitted to) rejoice. 

I -:|- "T 

E^N iiiHiD N*V° ^ Pharaoh look out a man. 

rVl I 1 ? ^DN^I 7 and he said to him : Run. 

n^I?i H/'PH ^'"IN*? Wpy 8 let them seek for my lord. . .a maiden. 

c. *P*1D T?^ \J*3 fcO^tDfi^ 9 iwcZ^e rcow between me and my vineyard, 
'yitfh* ItV JO"^ 10 ?e* ?io£ £Ae Lord be angry. 

T ~ "J- T ~ 

£1*13^ N^"^^ ni ^ et thy servant remain, I pray. 

d. tfttiT\\ MM tl$y\ |Wflp '* ^?"U n2 ^otoce* bless thee out of 
Zion and see thou the good of Jerusalem. 

D*f75 WyW^^y *1t?D n3 upon the wicked, he shall rain snares. 
VtJ) Mty UK? 14 If ye do this, then ye shall live. 

e. Th^ *il*1 Tlt^'rTnt^'n 15 appoint darkness — then shall be night. 
> ?H ]}$*>) nifT 1 ? Hip 16 wa it on Yahweh that he may save thee. 

2. a. TVytf fl^'ljfcO 17 an d I will make great thy name. 

fi3""Tj£ il2>7l 18 uoe will go thither, 
b- tltltiWIf) fY?VlN 19 let me be glad and rejoice. 

t : : v : t -t t 

HD^^Jl ilpil-3^ 20 ^ ws orea& asunder and cast. 

t J- : - : |t : - : 

c rn^pfriO ^~ , *»7i$? 21 ^ et me y° u p> i p ra y-> an °^ bury. 

D*ft* TW^fltV ^]11 m~il2fr} 22 we would fain go three days' journey. 

• t v -i : J vjv t t : I" 

d. rplDiO **? n^^!3n*) 23 and bring it to me and I will [that I may) eat. 

ta" : • t j- t : 

JT^fiKI *ilDD ^NC 24 ask of me that I may give. 



i Gen. 1:3. 


i 2 Sam. 18:23. 


is Ps. 11:6. 


is Ps. 31:8. 


2 Ex. 20:12. 


slKgs.l:2. 


14 Gen. 42:18. 


20 Ps. 2:3. 


3Dt. 15:3. 


9lsa. 5:3. 


is Ps. 104:20. 


21 Gen. 50:5. 


iJer. 7:6. 


io Gen. 18:30. 


16 Pro v. 20:22. 


22 Ex. 3:18. 


6 Ps. 14:7. 


ii Gen. 44:33. 


it Gen. 12:2. 


23 Gen. 27:4. 


6 Gen. 41:33 


12 Ps. 128:5. 


is Gen. 22:5. 


24 Ps. 2:8. 



66 HEBREW SYNTAX [§ 23. 

rpry_ ♦idttd n^rrNi 0^5 ?jfc>rp-*fr iTjjng-ciK 1 ^«^ 7 

speak, my grief is not assuaged, and though I forbear, what depart- 
eth from me. 

The simple Imperfect, in the majority of instances, is an indicative. 
That it may also be used with the force of an imperative or subjunctive, 
has been shown in \ 22. 3. There are, however, certain special forms abcd 
of the Imperfect, the Jussive and Cohortative, which always convey 
some such force. These forms, it may be said, express " a motion of the 
will," and hence may be joined together under the head of "voluntative." 
With the " voluntative " Imperfect, there may be classified for syntactical 
purposes the Imperative. We may distinguish as follows : — 

1. The Jussive, used of the second and third persons, 6 and the Imper- 
ative, used only of the second, denote, in general, a strong desire that 
something should happen/ They may express 

a. A positive injunction or command ; the Jussive, but not the Im- 
perative, may also express prohibition. O ni 3* 

b. Permission to do a thing, advice, or suggestion. 

c. Entreaty, or simple petition. 

d. Benediction, imprecation, threatening. 

e. Conditional or final ideas. 

2. The Cohortative, used only of the first person* (sg. or pi.), empha- 
sizes the direction of the will, the intention or purpose. m n It is employed, 
therefore, 

a. To mark a strong determination to do a given thing (expressed 
by I will). 

b. To indicate a self-excitement toward a certain line of conduct 
(expressed by let me). 

c. To express a wish or request. 

d. In subordinate final sentences (cf . 1. e. above), and in conditional 
sentences (§ 48. R (t)). , 

REMARKS. 

(a) See Elements of Hebrew, § 72. 1, 2. 

(b) While, therefore, the ordinary form of the Imperfect may have the force of an 
Imperative or Subjunctive, the special forms must have that force. In many gram- 
matical forms there is no possible way of distinguishing* the ordinary and the special 
form, e. g., 7£3p , may mean he will kill, he shall kill, lethim kill. 

(c) The shortened form of the Jussive, corresponding to the Arabic Jussive, is ac- 
counted for by the fact that the form is one of command and hence pronounced 
rapidly. 

i JoblG:6. 



I 23.] BY AN INDUCTIVE METHOD. 67 

(d) The special form of the Cohortative (marked by the syllable n_) corresponds 
to the Arabic Energetic, the nature of which is indicated by its name. 

(e) A few cases of the Jussive of the first person are found, e. g., Dt. 18:16; 1 Sam. 
14:36. 

(/) The Jussive and likewise the Imperative are often found in poetry where the 
ordinary form would have been expected. This anomalous usage is to be explained 
not upon the supposition that the mood has here lost its original force, but that the 
poet saw fit, for the sake of vividness and variety, to represent a given act under the 
form of a command, rather than in the usual manner. Cases of this usage in the 
second person are found in Ps. 41:3; 65:14; 98:7; 104:19; 114:3-7; Isa. 2:9; 13:2; 23:1,4; 
35:1 f.; 40:3, 9; 54:14; 57:14; 62:10. Cases of the same usage which maybe said to be 
expressive of emotion in the third person, are found in Ps. 11:6; 12:4; 34:6; 50:3; 66:7; 
72:8,13,16,17; 85:14; 121:3; Jer.46:6; 51:3; Zech. 9:5; 10:7. 

(gr) In prohibition, (1) in the second person, the ordinary Imperfect takes X'S and 
means thou shalt not, the Jussive takes itf and means do not; (2) in the third person, 
the ordinary Imperfect takes Vib and means he sJiall not, the Jussive takes Sk and 
means let him not; rarely the Jussive takes K'S, e. g., tlDil $h Gen. 4:12. 

(h) The Cohortative Imperative (Elements of Hebrew, § 72. 3) emphasizes the ear- 
nestness of the request, marking it as especially impressive, e. g., Dt. 26:15; Ps. 6:5. 

(i) When several verbal forms expressing command would follow in succession, 
three usages exist: (1) The use of successive Imperatives, e.g., Gen. 1:22; 22:2; Isa. 1:16; 
(2) the use of the Imperative for the first, and of ordinary Imperfects for the remain- 
ing forms, e. g., Dt. 33:7; (3) the use of the Imperative for the first and of the Perfect 
with Waw Consecutive for the remaining forms, e. g., Gen. 6:14. 

U) When several successive commands are made, of which one or more are in the 
first or third persons, the latter must of necessity be expressed by the Imperfect, e. g., 
Gen. 24:56; Dt. 9:14; Jer.51:9. 

(7c) The interchange of the Imperative and the Imperfect (2d pers.), in the expres- 
sion of command, occurs without perceptible force; the only gain being that of 
variety. 

(I) A few cases of the Cohortative of a third person occur: Isa. 5:19 (twice); Ezek. 
23:20; Prov. 1:20; 8-3. In the last three cases it does not seem to have any significance. 

(ra) Notice is to be taken here of the fact that a form like that of the Cohortative 
occurs frequently with the Waw Consecutive; it is not to be regarded, however, as a 
Cohortative; Gen. 32:6; 1 Sam. 2:28 and in all about ninety times. 

(n) Cases in which the volition indicated by n_ is so controlled by outward circum- 
stances as almost to become an involuntary action are found in Ps. 42:5, 10; 55:3, 18: 
77:4, 7; Job 10:1; Isa. 38:10; 59:10; Jer. 3:25. Perhaps in some cases the n_ cohortative, 
like the n_ directive, has entirely lost its original force, Ps. 88:16; Jer. 4:19, 21, 

T 

REFERENCES FOR STUDY. 

Gen. 11:3, 7 2b. Gen. 41:34 lb 

Gen.l2:2 le. Gen.50:5 2c. 

Gen. 12:13 lc. Ex. 10:1, 12, 21 la. 

Gen. 13:9 2d. Ex. 23:1 la. 

Gen.l3:15 2a. Lev.l0:9 la. 

Gen. 22:5 2c. Num. 9:8 2a. 

Gen. 24:2 lc. Num. 11:13 2c. 

Gen. 27:7 lc. Dt.9:27 lc. 

Gen. 30:28, 31 2d. Dt. 10:1 la. 



68 HEBREW SYNTAX [§ 24.' 

Deut. 12:20 2a. Isa. 1:16 la. 

Deut. 13:3,14 2b. Isa. 1: IS 2b. 

Deut. 20:5 lb.. Isa. 5:3 ..lc. 

Deut. 28:8; 33:6 Id. Isa. 23:1 Id. 

Judges 11: 17,19 2e. Isa. 41 :22,23,26 2d. 

1 Sam. 2:10 Id. Mic. 1:8 .2a. 

1 Sam. 15:16 „...le. Hab. 3:17,18 2d. 

2 Sam. 12: 8; 17: 3 2d. Job 6:8-10 2d. 

2 Sam. 16: 9; 17:1; 24:14..... 2c. Ps. 2:3 ..2b. 



24. The Imperfect, with Waw Consecutive, 

1. a. ^D^ril ilTn 1 ? tltSfltfl H^fil 1 an d the worn, went her way and ate. 
*0&} ^Dl ^B^K D^fi K WNT JAatrc seen God face to 

• i — " T * - • T V • T * J- T 

/ace, aw^ m?/ life has been spared. 

^^I £0 pl"fV*l 3 am? -£ had come. . . .and he had gone out. 

h - [NDflV • • -TDitf ■ • • •'' *1/5K JlD 4 ^ saith Y.: [Israel is my son), 
and I say^ [Let my son go), and thou refusest [to let him go). 
! )il^"tr)*) 0"7K~i""TD 5 what is man, and [yet) thou hnowest him. 
W'^l DH^l P01 Q He hloweth upon them, and they icither. 
/V**\ /iK^' TTJD 7 Se briyigeth down to Sheol, and bringeth up. 
TOKiTl rOil3 8 l ie is weeping and mourning. 
ni^tOni D^iJl fc^'^UlH 9 Thou expellest the nations, and plantest it. 

: t) : • - : • ^- t : ■ - • : - jt - \ v-iv 

/or to us a child shall be born; and the dominion shall be upon 
his shoulder, and one shall call his name, etc. 

D^ip....Ufi*l prnDrj pgffi D>N2 D**]?^ watchmen come 
from a distance, and shall lift up their voice. 



Remark. — In reference to the substitution of the Imperfect with 
Waw Consecutive for the Perfect, three general statements may be made : 

(1) In uninterrupted narrative in which the first verb is a Perfect, or 
some equivalent of the Perfect, the verbs following are regularly in the 
Imperfect* with Waw Consecutive, h unless they are separated from the 
conjunction by intervening words. 6 



U Sam. 1:18. 4 Ex. 4:22,23. vl Sam. 2:6. io Isa. 9:5. 

2 Gen. 83:31. 5p s . 144:3. 8 2 Sam. 19:2. nJer.4:16. 

8 Gen. 24:02,63. 6 Isa. 40:24. 9 Ps. 80:9. 



I 24.] BY AN INDUCTIVE METHOD. 69 

(2) The expression for and-lie-called being, therefore, tOp^ , the form 
Kini cannot be used in this sense ; see, however, \ 26. 2. 

t| t : 

(3) From the instances cited above, it will be seen that the introduc- 
tory verbal form may, under certain circumstances, be an Imperfect, or a 
Participle ; in some cases even a noun is employed, and in others, no 
governing word of any hind precedes. 

We may now consider the more important details : 
1. The Imperfect with Waw Consecutive is found, like the Perfect, 
for which it is a substitute, 

a. To describe events or conditions belonging to the sphere of the 
past (§17.1-4), whether as a historical Perfect, a present Perfect, an 
indefinite Perfect, or a Pluperfect \ a in these cases it is the continuation 
of a Perfect. 

b. To describe events or conditions belonging to the sphere of the 
present (3 18. 1-3), whether as a Perfect of the immediate past, a stative 
Perfect, or a Perfect of experience ; in these cases it is the continuation 
of a Perfect, or a Participle, or a nominal expression, or even an Imper- 
fect which refers to the present. 

c. To describe events belonging to the sphere of the future ; it 
assumes here the usage of the prophetic Perfect (§19. 2). Two cases are, 
however, to be distinguished : 

(1) that in which the Imperfect with Waw Consecutive, having 
this usage, is preceded by a prophetic Perfect. 6 

(2) that in which it is not so preceded ; this occurs when the 
writer desires to introduce a prophetic Perfect for variety, 
but, at the same time, wishes to connect it with what 
precedes./ 

REMARKS. 

(a) On the form of the Imperfect which is thus used with the Waw Consecutive, 
see Elements of Hebrew, § 73. 

(b) Various theories have been presented in explanation of the form of the con- 
junction, . Ewald's view, that the vowel and Daghes-forte were the relics of some 
particle like TJS , seems most satisfactory. 

(c) For the explanation of the use of the tense in this connection, Professor Driver 
says: "The Imperfect (from the point of view of the spectator) expresses what in 
German is called Eintritt, and represents action, as eintretend— two terms which may 
he rendered in English by ingress and ingressive. A succession of events need not 
invariably be regarded as a mere series of completed and independent wholes : each 
term may be conceived as having relations with the one preceding it; it may be 
viewed as stepping in after it, as presenting itself to view through an entrance pre- 
pared by its forerunner. The date at which the ingress, or entry, is imagined to take 
place is determined by the • 1 , which connects the new event with a point previously 



70 HEBREW SYNTAX [§ 24. 

assigned in the narrative : the goal at which it sets out, the starting-point from which 
it takes its origin, and to which therefore it is relative, is fixed at the termination of 
the action denoted by the preceding verb. "—Hebrew Tenses, p. 85. 

(d) Two comparisons maybe considered herewith profit: (1) In Assyrian there are 
two forms of the Imperfect, differing only slightly from each other, and both etymo- 
logically connected with the Hebrew Imperfect ; of these the first represents an action 
as continuing, whether in past, present, or future; the second is the usual narrative 
tense, equivalent to the Greek Aorist, e. g., id din (= in- din), the etymological 
equivalent of jJV , always means Tie gave, while f JT has this meaning only when pre- 
ceded by a Waw Consecutive. (2) In Arabic, there are not a few cases in which the 
Imperfect is used in the sense of an Aorist, e. g., y a-qum, the etymological equiva- 
lent of D^D 1 , when preceded by the negative adverb lam means he did not stand; ti)p* 
is so translated only when the Waw Consecutive precedes. 

(e) Some assert that an Imperfect with Waw Consec. may be used as a Pluperfect 
without any preceding Perfect, e. g., DlpfcO , Isa. 8:3; ttCW, 37:5; but this may well 
be doubted. 

(/) Having introduced his thought by a prophetic Perfect, the writer may continue 
it in one of four ways: (1) by an Imperfect with Waw Consecutive; (2) by changing 
abruptly to the Imperfect used in a future sense ; (3) by a Perfect, the connective 
"and" being omitted; (4) by a Perfect, the connective "and" being separated by cer- 
tain words from the verb. 

(g) This is of course rare and limited to prophetic usage; according to Professor 
Driver (p. 114) the only cases are Isa. 2:9; 5:15f.; 9:10-15; 59:15b-17; Ezek. 28:16; 31:12; 
Jer. 4:16; 15:6b-7; 51:29; Ps. 64:8-10; 94:23; but some of these are doubtful. 

2. a. *li"Tjn?T1 PD DD*V and Gain rose up and slew him. 

.. . _i__ |.jj_ j TJT - 

DrV3"7K 1^^*) ttti^l 2 and they returned and came unto their 

T " V -J T- -l\ T- 

house. 
o. KnrrNV...KWl 'WW ^ip-riK 3 I heard thy voice in the 

" T |"T t • |t • w : -i- T ) : | | 

garden, and so was afraid and hid myself. 

hWt^7 **? PtilK FlpfrO 4 and so I took her to he my wife. 

c. *n^ '^ 7ip Q^ yDJ^'n 5 did ever a people hear the voice of 

God, and yet live f 

Dll*)DK1 • • DDriK *Jn3?7N 6 I loved you . . and yet ye say. [is dead. 

d. *t£?>K MO*1 *M illEhtt-tlWk 1 I am a widow, for my husband 

TJT- * T T T : - T ' 

IDKITl tl$12 iDtfi^ KIDHI 8 an d she called his name Moses, and 

J - v : t|: • - 

said, etc. 

e. ^3^*1 t ^flD^O*^ 9 and he blessed him; and he said, etc. 



i Gen. 4:8. 3 Gen. 3:10. 6Dt.4:33. 7 2 Sam. 14:5. 

2 1 Sam. 1:19. 4 Gen. 12:19. 6 Mai. 1:2. 8 Ex. 2:10. 

9 Gen 27:23,24. 



I 24.] BY AN INDUCTIVE METHOD. 71 

DfT^tf '"l£DK' v l J 13DW and they liated him all the more; 

and he said, etc. 
/. ^irQ-1 ^frPi?? ^'"lp 2 the Holy One of Israel, who hath chosen 
thee. 

^fDtf 1TV1 ! JlN^nn 3 the travail how our fathers 

descended. 

e- ^1^0 T 1 ?," 1 - D W?& <l?C[p5 1^8 P&OvJ) 4 a7M * * 7ie sound 

which was in the camp of the P. {arid it) went on continually. 

^TpNlD*! '♦**D* ! rn# riDKD \y 5 because thou hast despised the 

word of Y., therefore he hath despised thee. 

^^I tyOtf* ^^"DN 6 if they are not satisfied, then they stay all 

night. 

2. The use of the Imperfect with Waw Consecutive marks some kind 
of connection, or relation with that portion of the narrative which pre- 
cedes. This relation may be that of 

a. Chronological sequence; in this case the force is expressed by 
the simple conjunction and. 

b. Consequence; in this case the force may be expressed by and so. 

c. Contrast ; in this case the force may be expressed by and yet 

d. Accessory circumstance, when something passed over is after- 
wards brought in ; here the force of the conjunction may best be 
rendered by for, or since. 

e. Amplification, when, after a general statement has first been 
made, the particulars of the case are added. 

/. Explanation of a preceding expression or word ; here the con- 
junction must be rendered by a relative pronoun, or by that or how. 

g. Apodosis, the protasis being either a noun in the nominative 
absolute (§7.), or a complete conditional clause; here the con- 
junction must either be omitted, or rendered by some such word 
as then or therefore. -^ 

REMARKS. 

(a) In quite a number of cases the action expressed by the Imperfect with Waw 
Consecutive is really parallel or synchronous with what goes before; e. g., Gen. 5:5; 
1 Sam. 14: 25b,49; Isa. 39:1; 64:4. 



i Gen. 37 : 5,6. 3 Num. 20 :14,15. 5 1 Sam. 14 :19. 

2 Isa. 49 :7. 4 1 Sam. 15 : 23. 6 p 8 . 59 :16. 



72 HEBREW SYNTAX [§ 24. 

(b) In other cases the Imperfect with Waw Consecutive introduces an amplification 
not of any particular preceding verb, hut of the entire preceding narrative, considered 
as a whole; thus furnishing what is practically a parallel account; e. g.,1 Sam. 9:1; 
lKgs. 7:13. 

(c) It is only fair to ask how far some of these usages are to be explained as due 
to the combining, by a reviser or editor, of two or more distinct narratives into one. 

3. a. tib*b *op wriy) nv i)xh> x aOiTi 1 and gw caiua the 

t :rtT t|jt I v j - : t t|: •- 

light day, and the darkness he called night. 

ink VW2 N D^5--..'K K"J5!1 2 and God created...., in the 
image of God created he him. 
b. fTJp Jfi* p^JTl '* D!D^"3 DlT)i¥ and Y ' thundered in the 
heavens, and the Most High uttered his voice. 

)p*S\Pl DH^ H l ?3 ! |....Dlj5.? *ltf?Q ^ for they are filled 
from the east, and they strike hands with the children of strangers. 

4. 'K ^QN*! JOHH HK2 ^JTI 5 and it came to pass at that time that 
Abimelech said. 

'p N5' v ! D*9* rpP *rri 6 and ** came to pass at the end of days that 
Cain brought, etc. 

]&}? ♦ ^$1pK *Q*5 VTV and tt came to pass in the days of 

Amraphel. . . .they made war. 

(iJjn*) HSO t^'D&Tl *H*1 8 and it came to pass the sun had gone 

.... T JT ._. JV _ • ; - 

down and behold. 

5. NIDfcO viD ^D^HD 9 as I lifted up my voice and cried. [me. 

t): v t • | • • -:|- 

V JO**) t W"T2ff7 10 that hath taken venison and brought it to 

".IT- 'J - |T ~ 

3. When for any reason one or more words intervene between the 
Imperfect and its conjunction, 

a. In prose, the verb invariably goes back to the Perfect ; for the 
whole force of the construction seems to rest upon the union of the 
verbal form and the conjunction ; but 



i Gen. 1:5. 4l sa . 2:6. i Gen. 14:1. 9 Gen. 39.18. 

2 Gen. 1:27. 5 Gen. 21: 22. s Gen. 15:17. io Gen. 27:33. 

3Ps.l8:4. e Gen. 4:3. 



I 24.] BY AN INDTTCTIVE METHOD. 73 

b. In poetry, the verb is frequently found still remaining in the 
Imperfect, thus adding vividness and force to the narrative, in accordance 
with the principle explained in \ 20. 1. a. 

4. Notice is to be taken of the frequent occurrence of the preparatory 
formula *n*1 and it happened, and it was, to introduce adverbial and 
especially temporal clauses. This usage, while not universal, prevails 
largely in the earlier books. The following verb may be either Imperfect 
with TVaw Consecutive, a Perfect, or, when the context demands, an 
Imperfect. Frequently, also, the sentence is resumed by Jl^Jll j or by 1 
with the subject of the verb. 

5. The Imperfect with Waw Consecutive is used to continue a sen- 
tence introduced by an Infinitive or Participle. This occurs, in contrast 
with the parallel usage of the Perfect, with Waw Consecutive ($25. 5), 
when that which is described by the Infinitive or Participle is something 
real or definite, rather than contingent or indefinite. 

REFERENCES FOR STUDY. 

Gen. 1:5; 3:3,17 3a. 2 Sam. 16:13 la. 

Gen. 23:20; 31:27 2b. 1 Kgs. 2:5; 18:13 2/. 

Gen. 32:31 2c. 1 Kgs. 9:21; 12:17 2a. 

Gen. 35:3; 49:17b 5 1 Kgs. 10:1 la. 

Gen. 36:14,22 2/. 1 Kgs. 19: 10 lb. 

Gen. 39:18 5 2 Kgs. 1: 2 2d. 

Gen. 42:21,22 2c. 2Kgs.l5:l; 18:1 4 

Ex. 4:22,32 lb. Isa. 2:6 3b. 

Ex. 40:18 2c. Isa. 5: 1,2 la. 

Num. 22:11 5 Isa. 5:14,15; 5:25; 9:5; 24:6; 31:2; 48: 

Dt.l0:15 2b. 20,21 lc. 

Dt. 17:2,3 15. Isa. 40:14 2b. 

Josh. 4:9 lb. Isa. 51:2b 3b. 

Josh. 8: 24 5 Isa. 51:12 lb. 

Josh. 22: 17 2/. Jer. 6:19 2g. 

Judg. 1:35 2c. Joel 2: 23 lc. 

Judg, 5:1; 6:27 2c. Mic.2:13 lc. 

Judg. 11:1b 2/. Nah. 1:4,5 lb. 

Judg. 16:23 2d. Hab. 3:5,16,19 3b. 

1 Sam. 7:12; 18:11 2d. Mai. 1:2 2c. 

lSam.8:8; 15:17 2/. Ps. 8:6b; 18:8; 24:2 3b. 

1 Sam. 28:1,2 4 Ps. 22:30 lc. 

2Sam.3:8 2c. Ps. 34:8; 50:17 lb. 

2 Sam. 11:1; 15:1; 21:1 4 Ps. 50:16,5; 92:31 2b. 

2 Sam. 19:2 lb. Prov. 11:2 « lb. 



74 HEBREW SYNTAX [<j 25. 

25. The Perfect, with Waw Consecutive. 

1. a. . . .nDt^m il L ?]? i> IfcO 1 aw ^ a ^ s ^ us ed to go up and water 

J t : • : v *■: |- " : 

2^6 ... . 

Off? 11 *? * 1 ••• • 'NH *J3 1K^ 2 ^e sons o/ God used to go in.... 

v t : jt : •• : -it 

cmc£ £Ae?/ 6ore £o £Aem. [>£ 

rVp&tl) ■rlJTlI"^?? i^lt^ 3 ^ ow usedst to sow thy seed and water 

b. p3*11 &J^N"DJJ7* 13" <U? 4 therefore a man forsakes. .. .and 

cleaves 

*^7 fi^rQ^l ^JOJl 5 thou seest me and triest my heart. 

t : - t ..... 

^t^'V /D 7/D$1 'NJ"7 /DNJl 6 t ne earth mourns, and every inhab- 
itant fainteth. 
c (1) to to^tott ^IIH ^i? 1W....W and Abraham will become 

: : • : t : V : |> 

a <7rea£ nation, and {all the nations of the earth) will be blessed 
in him. 

IT? nin§-Dto nnn ^?TOi- ^N'rnj* N ?T 8 Ae ™ 7 * 

lift up thy head and restore thee, and thou wilt place the cup of 
Pharaoh in his hand. 

Di;in-73...rn:n mx onrrn tftf"a..vr rrcr jto^ 9 

t -:|t: t • : • t| v : - v : |- I t 

the mountain will be established at the top of the mountains, 

and will be lifted up. . . ., and all nations will flow. 
WT)il)- • ■♦phfiiTI iflk *J13}_3 10 I^Ol Mess Mm and make 
Mm fruitful and multiply him. 

^nbpqV...7toD.Tri^ »yS ^H 11 oehold, I am going to 
bring the flood. . . ., but I will establish, etc. 
(2) Vni • • • i"Ti*"lND *i"T 12 let there be luminaries . . . and let them be. 
I^ft Dil7 'ItS^D.I 1D/* 13 let them go and gather themselves 

I v -iv v t : 1 1 : : |- 

straw. 



i Gen. 2:6. 


s Jer. 12:3. 


s Gen. 40:13. 


u Gen. 6:17,18. 


2 Gen. 6:4. 


eHos. 4:3. 


slsa. 2:2. 


12 Gen. 1:14. 


sDeut. 11:10. 


1 Gen. 18:18. 


io Gen. 17:20. 


13 Ex. 5:7. 


* Gen. 2:24. 









\ 25.] BY AN INDUCTIVE METHOD. 75 

♦flM&P'l '122 ^*"Dpil frO'^N 1 do not bury me in Egypt, but 

..• : - t : : -J- : |: • t 

let me He. 

, I r )$D^'} ^"ntOp^N 2 let me glean, now, and gather. 

i7}f 3JQ )£?) • • • il2T)[)} z T- et us draw near and lodge in Gibeah. 

(3) fil^N^ '* M^rtfct *)21 4: *pea& imfo tfie sons of Israel and say. 

-it : - |t : " : v •■ - 

fHDfrO D5DN1 I] 1 ? 5 go and gather and say. [swarm. 

jt : - |t : jt : - |t : | " 

WltS^I HDX NJOlJ 6 07 "^ n 9 them forth with thee, and let them 

(4) >^'5J fiiTfY). ...^-212" Wdl 1 that it may be well with me 

• : - t: |t : • - |- \"- jt : 

and my soul may live. 

rqfrJI ^]?i$ vs0S[ t>vy\ n 1 ?* \yj±?* that they 

may go and stumble .... and be broken and snared and taken. 
*m • • • dD^I IT H^^'IB 9 lest ne P u t forth his hand and take 

- r J- t : t - ; • I v 

and live. 

Remark.— In reference to the substitution of the Perfect with Waw 
Consecutive for the Imperfect, Imperative, etc. (cf. the corresponding 
constructional.), three general statements may be made : 

(1) In uninterrupted narration in which the first verb is an Imperfect, 
an Imperative, or some expression possessing the characteristics of these 
forms, the verbs following are regularly in the Perfect* with Waw Con- 
secutive, unless they are separated from the conjunction^ by intervening 
words. c » d 

(2) The expression for and-he-will-call being therefore frOD^ , the 

t|t : 

form JOp*1 cannot be used in this sense ; see, however, I 26. 2. 

(3) From the instances cited above and below, it will be seen that the 
introductory verbal formula may be an Imperfect, Imperative, Participle ; 
that in some cases even a noun may be employed, and, in others, no gov- 
erning word of any kind precedes. 

We may now consider the more important details : 

1. The Perfect with Waw Consecutive is found (with a preceding 
Imperfect or equivalent) like the Imperfect (or Imperative, or Participle), 
for which it is a substitute, 

a. To describe events or conditions belonging to the sphere of the 
past (§20. 2), especially as a frequentative Imperfect. 

i Gen. 47:29. 4 Lev. 1:2. 6 Gen. 8:17. slsa. 28:13. 

2 Ruth 2: 7. s Ex. 3:16. i Gen. 12:13. 9 Gen. 3:23. 

3Jud.l9:13. 



76 HEBREW SYNTAX [g 25. 

b. To describe events or conditions belonging to the sphere of the 
present (2 21.1-3), whether as an incipient, definite frequentative, or indef- 
inite frequentative Imperfect. 

c. To describe events belonging to the sphere of the future (§22. 
1-4) ; whether (1) after an Imperfect, Participle, or prophetic Perfect, as 
a, future Imperfect ; (2) after a jussive or cohortative Imperfect ; (3) after 
an Imperative ; (4) after a subjunctive Imperfect expressing purpose.^/ 

REMARKS. 

(a) On the form of the Perfect when thus used, and especially on the change of 
accent which takes place, see Elements of Hebrew, § 73. 

(b) On the form of the conjunction when thus used see Elements of Hebrew, § 73. 

(c) In explanation of this use of the Perfect three points may he considered: (1) 
that the idiom corresponds to and was called forth by the opposite construction of 
the Imperfect with Waw Consecutive;* (2) that "the usage rests originally upon a 
'play of the imagination,' in virtue of which an action, when brought into relation 
with a preceding occurrence as its consequence, from the character of inevitability it 
then assumes, is contemplated as actually completed ;"+ (3) "that the consciousness 
of this relation is to be conceived as essentially dependent upon union with Waw, of 
which union the change of tone (where not hindered from taking place by external or 
accidental causes) is the inseparable criterion and accompaniment," the Waw appear- 
ing really in this connection to possess a demonstrative significance, and being equiv- 
alent to then or so (cf . Gen. 3: 5).$ 

(<Z) In Assyrian the Perfect has been greatly narrowed (or has not been developed) 
in its usage, and presents no analogy to the construction under consideration. In 
Arabic the Perfect after the conjunction 'adha when, as often as, is said to take the 
meaning of the Imperfect. 

(e) It is to be noted that the exact modal force of the preceding dominant verb, 
characterizes also the following Perfect with Waw Consecutive; in other words, the 
particular auxiliary used in translating the first verb, will, should, let, must also be 
used with the second. 

(/) The following is a list of particles given by Driver which govern a Perfect 
with Waw Consecutive following an Imperfect:— (1) "'Sltf perhaps, Gen. 27:12; (2) 
iK or if, 1 Sam. 26:10; (3) TK then, 1 Sam. 6: 3; (4) IJ'K how ? Gen. 39: 9; (5) Stf not, Jer. 17: 
21; (6) DK */, Gen. 28:20,21; (7) ^U?X so that, Deut. 2:25; when, Lev. 4:22; who so, Gen. 
24:14; (8) H inter., Ex. 2:7; (9) j6n nonne ? 2 Kgs. 5:12; (10) |H */, Jer. 3:1; (11) D^B or 
D^tt3 before (that), Jer. 13:16; (12)^*0 when, Deut. 22:26; (13) '3 that, Gen. 37:26; 
when, Ex. 21:20; (14) DK '2 surely, 1 Kgs. 20: 6; (15) K'S or S3 wot, Ex. 28:43; (16) tt£D3 
almost, Gen. 26:10; (17) lb if, Ezek. 14:15; (18) HD 1 ? why, 2 Kgs. 14:10; (19) j^dS in order 
that, Gen. 12:13; (20) 'Jp expressing wish, 2 Sam. 15:4; (21) jnf» S D perhaps, 2 Sam. 12:22 
(Q e ri); (22) \J\0 when, Ps. 41:6; (23) 3D# in return for, Deut. 7:12; (24) *1EW Tjr or Tg 
until, Ex. 23:30; (24) J 3 lest, Gen. 3:22; •£? that, Eccl. 2:24. Only a few examples (the 
list is given, Driver, p. 162) occur of an Imperfect repeated after one of these particles, 
e.g., Num. 22:6; Isa. 40:27-; Hos. 10:12. 



* So nearly all grammarians. t Olshausen, § 229a (cf. Driver, p, 141), 

* Driver, p. 141. 



I 25.] BY AN INDUCTIVE METHOD. 77 

2. a. - m ■ . . • D#rr - na* w^fj . . . • Djjrr ■ ^ m?*n on** jrn 1 

nt^'O" 1 ?^ ftfc^?* ntfi^pn *lD*in an d he made them heads over 

the people and they used to judge the people but the weighty 

matters they used to bring [ and judge. 

£3£}£V) D3D1 Tl^HI 2 an d he would go and come around 

- t : - t : | - t : 

b. yiJO ^H£1 ^^ '* 2*rnn 3 Y. hath given enlargement to us, and 

I VJT T -I" T T • : * 

we shall be fruitful in the land. 

m 1 ?*! ]T*irn Dl 1 ?* N7 4 thou hast not borne, but thou shalt 

: : -t: • t : : :~t 

conceive and bear [your heart. 

c. DO^^ 1 "? fi^^U^JlK DFl^DI 5 therefore circumcise the foreskin of 

on^K Fpfox T sa y unt0 tJiem - 

tlMl* i"lK fOflfcO 7 therefore love thou Yahweh. 

•• jt : - |t : 

rPnfi \V^7 Q**l"El Jl*ir£n 8 so choose life, that thou mayest live. 

d. >^K iflfcOnV • -n^K ISlpn 9 he that speaheth to thee. . .bring 
him to me. 

'Htl rm^5J1 YQ^ ^5^ '^ 10 ever y° ne eating leavened' bread, 
that soul shall die. 

nyyy. inpStfj tigo *f??& oi'5 11 in the da y °f y° ur eatin ^ 

from it your eyes will be opened. 

0£?3^"1*1 ^i? 12 ai even ^ n ffj then V e shall hnow. 

*nK DfO^P^ ^ni^5 13 w ^ ien d die, ye shall bury me. 

TSyStf) x"p5 tf?tf#? *? 14 when thy son shall ash thee thou 

shalt say. 

IDrf &0~i"V&M^ ^JVDt DN 15 if thou rememberest me. . .then 

v jy t t • Tt : • j- : - : 

do me a hindness. [bring the man ? 

3. WVh K^-nDI if?}. tlZtlf 6 out behold, [if) we go, what shall 
^I^PP* K 1 ?*) H5t5 I0 17 */ 10e sacrifice. . .., will they not stone 



we 
us? 



i Ex. 18:26. eZech. 1:3. io Ex. 12:15. m Deut. 6 : 20,21. 

21 Sam. 7:16. i Deut. 11:1. u Gen. 3:5. is Gen. 40:14. 

3 Gen. 26: 22. 8 Deut. 30:19. 12 Ex. 16:6. lelSam, 9:7. 

4Judg.l3:3. a 2 Sam. 14:10. is 1 KgB. 13 : 31. « Ex. 8:23. 
s Deut. 10:16. 



78 HEBREW SYNTAX [§ 25. 

2. The Perfect with Waw Consecutive is frequently found without a 
preceding Imperfect (or equivalent^ to introduce it. Here we may distin- 
guish several usages : 

a. When the Perfect (with Waw Consecutive) is equivalent to a 
frequentative Imperfect ; in such cases the verbal form, but for its con- 
nection with what precedes, would have been in the Imperfect. ' 6 

b. When it is equivalent to an ordinary future Imperfect. 

c. When it is equivalent to an Imperative expressing a command 
or entreaty. 

d. When it is used in the apodosis of a conditional sentence, the 
protasis being expressed either by a Participle, an Infinitive, a finite verb 
(Perf. or Impf.), or a noun. 6 ^ 

3. When for any reason one or more words intervene between the 
Perfect and its conjunction, the verb goes back to the Imperfect. 6 

REMARKS. 

(a) It will be noted that, in such passages, an Imperfect is frequently found in 
connection with the Perfect (with Waw Consecutive), e. g., in Ex. 38:26, f!tf , ;r and 

(b) Notice also the series of Perfects in Josh. 15: 3-11; 16:2,3,6,7,8; 17:9; Jfe:12-21, etc. 

(c) Here 1 has a demonstrative force ; cf. the use of fa in Arabic. 

(d) Notice the use of the Perfect with Waw demonstrative after a Participle, Judg. 
7:17; 1 Kgs.2:2; 18:11,12; 20:36; 2 Kgs. 7:9, etc. 

(e) There are very few cases of this, nearly all being cited by Driver, p. 181. 

4. a. FliW^y) Vl]f ^01^3 JTffi 1 an d it shall be when I bring clouds 

t -: : • : I t^t ■ ■. : t t : 

then shall be seen 

0*5*1*7 rV")!"^? n*rT) 2 an d it shall be in the end of days, 
b. *n 4 rfrnkrj WD K33 JTfYl 3 and it used to be when Moses 

t v: | t v : t t : 

entered the tent there would come down. 

'D tl /V) '* l? 1 *) t Ditf "Till* and it used to happen when Israel had 

t*t- : * -t • T t : 

sown that Midian would come up. 
5. nD") f^*K HDD 5 the smiter of a man and he dies. 

D^feOJl *?# b&Z) N^Tf 6 he that goeth forth and falleth upon. . 
^4* {£)%) "H^? /?5 ? * w thy going forth with us and we are separated. 
*1^}*^'1 t"|£?P £"U3i"£l 8 w ^ en thy people are smitten and turn. 



i Gen. 9:14. s Ex. 33:7. s Ex. 21:12. r Ex. 33:16. 

2lsa.2:2. 4jud. 6:3. eJer. 21:9. 8 l Kgs. 8:33. 



§26.] 



BY AN INDUCTIVE METHOD. 



79 



4. Notice is to be taken of the frequent occurrence of the preparatory 
formula j1*ni (cf. *jf*^ 1 24,), to introduce adverbial and especially tem- 

t t : • : - 

poral clauses. There may be distinguished, 

a, The cases in which tVtX\ has the force of & future. 

t t : 

b. The cases in which it has & frequentative force. 

5. The Perfect with Waw Consecutive is used to continue a sentence 
introduced by an Infinitive or Participle. This occurs, in contrast with 
the parallel usage of the Imperfect with Waw Consecutive (§24. 5), when 
that which is described by the Infinitive or Participle is something con- 
tingent or indefinite rather than real or definite. 



REFERENCES 

Gen. 6:14; 13:3; 19:19; 28: 3 lc. 

Gen. 12:12; 27: 40 4a. 

Gen. 17: 4 2b. 

Gen. 24:14 2c. 

Gen. 29:2,3 la. 

Gen. 30:41 2a. 

Gen. 38: 9 4b. 

Ex. 1:10; 7:15, 26; 19:23; 23: 29 lc. 

Ex. 1:16 5. 

Ex. 4:21; 9:19; 30: 33,38 2d. 

Ex. 6:6 2b. 

Ex. 17:11; 18: 26 2a. 

Ex. 33:7-11; 34:34 la. 

Lev. 24:14 lc. 

Num. 4:19 lc. 

Num. 10:32; 17: 20 4a. 

Num. 21:9 4b. 

Deut. 4:16,19; 5:30; 6:18; 28:8 lc. 

Deut.4:42;30:16 5. 

Deut. 7:9 2c. 

Deut. 12:11 4a, 

Deut. 13:15; 22: 2,21 2d. 

Josh. 23:11 2c. 



FOR STUDY. 

Jud. 2:18 2a. 

Jud.4:20;7:17;9:33 4a. 

Jud. 11: 8 2c. 

1 Sam. 1:3; 13:21; 16: 23 2a. 

1 Sam. 2: 31 2d. 

1 Sam. 6:7; 12:20; 15;3 lc. 

2 Sam. 11:15 lc. 

2 Sam. 12: 31; 14:26; 17:17 2a. 

2 Sam. 14:7 2ft. 

lKgs.l4:28 la. 

2 Kgs. 12:15-17 la. 

Isa. 1:20; 13:11; 14:1,2,4 lc. 

Isa.2:2;6:7 2b. 

Isa. 4:3 4a. 

Isa. 5;12; 27:10; 44:15 lb. 

Jer.20:9 lb. 

Ezek. 29:7 lb. 

Hos. 8:14; 10:14; 11: 6 2b. 

Amos 4: 2; 8:11 2d. 

Hab.2:12 5. 

Ps. 17:14; 46:10; 49:11; 78:38 lb. 

Ps. 25:11 2d. 

Job 5:5; 14:11 lb 



26 ', The Perfect and Imperfect with Waw Conjunctive. 

i. a. tt^-ns ym) irrn-rn* x '» nwpn 1 t. thy God hardened 

Ms spirit and made strong Ms heart. 

*nDDi*")l *ft /TH D^JH 2 children I have made great and exalted. 

• : -j- : • : j- • • T 

tefiJI ftEte) tlQtf they stumbled and fell. 



i Deut. 2:30. 



2 Isa. 1:2. 



Ps.27:2. 



80 HEBREW SYNTAX [g 26. 

&• tl)tV bytl"^ D*42H np* 1 ) 1 awd ^e builders established the 
temple of Y. 
ITVQ-ID HEOH iiniD OX *mftNl 2 awd J said, Wisdom is 

t : • t : t t • jt • : -i- t : 

better than strength, 
c- "IJll niM^3 fp^n*) 3 and he believed in Yahweh, etc. 

t[/ , 0*3^"^f? 1*1*0$$ tOI'll 4 and Abraham rebuked Abimelech. 

in^"DK ON D$t^ *5 i 1 ? ♦J-njift'i 5 and J have tM K™ that I 

will judge his house. 
2. a. Ufl*1 1Dfi?/*1 I?*! 6 command that they return and encamp. 

calm f 
b- '**! HKlill 0*DH 11p* 8 ^ ^6 waters be collected and the 

v t I" : • j- - |t • 

dry land appear. 

1fcO*1 11*D?#* Dl*?l /D1 9 awcZ a?Z £Ae people shall hear and fear. 
*l*r"Pfiftf 13*1 ^J ^ t/^ 10 they shall go up and smite Ai. [sion. 

1fj?3*1 1£^n* [fl 11 behold, they shall be ashamed and put to confu- 
'21 *f?P*1 D*flD£) 11#*. nflt^'n 12 ^e Z>n&e 6Zm<Ze^ the seeing 
and perverteth the words, etc. 

110*1 D*110 1 iD 1^ * 1 13 ei?e»& youths faint and are weary. 
c. 1^3^*1 1ft*&^*1 11*1*1 1N1* fl*^ 14 that they may see and know 
cme£ consider and understand. 
HD&fV] ^1^^"15 15 ^ est ^ e ^ e an 9 r y and ye perish. 

There are cases in which, contrary to the principles set forth in W 24, 
25. there is found the Perfect with Waw Conjunctive instead of the Im- 
perfect with Waw Consecutive, or the Imperfect with Waw Conjunctive 
instead of the Perfect with Waw Consecutive. All such cases are to be 
regarded as exceptional. They may he loosely classified as follows : 

1. Instead of the Imperfect with Waw Consecutive ( »1), there is used 
the Perfect with Waw Conjunctive, 



i Ezra 3:10. 


5 1 Sam. 3:13, 


sDeut. 17:13. 


is Isa. 40:30. 


2Eccl. 9:16. 


6 Ex. 14:2. 


io Josh. 7:3. 


14 Isa. 41:20. 


3 Gen. 15: 6. 


i Jon. 1:11. 


ii Isa. 41:11. 


16 Ps. 2:12. 


4 Gen. 21:25. 


s Gen. 1:9. 


12 Ex. 23: 8. 





I 27.] BY AN INDUCTIVE METHOD. 81 

a. When the second action is synonymous or simultaneous with 
the first, and is consequently to be represented as co-ordinate with it, the 
usual construction representing it as subordinate. 

b. In the later books in which the influence of the Aramaic is felt. a 

c. In instances of which no sufficient explanation can be given.** 

2. Instead of the Perfect with Waw Consecutive, there is found the 
Imperfect with "Waw Conjunctive, 

a. When the Imperfect is a voluntative, and, combining with *) , 
furnishes a most concise and elegant expression of purpose (124. 1. e, 2. d). c 

b. When, as in the case of the Perfects cited above ($ 26. 1. a), the 
second is to be treated as co-ordinate, being emphatic, or synonymous 
with the first, — whether used in the sense of a future or a frequentative. d 

c. When the Imperfect follows another Imperfect introduced by a 
conjunction. 6 

REMARKS. 

(a) The Imperfect with "Waw Consecutive continues even in the later books to be 
the prevailing construction except in the Book of Ecclesiastes, in which, according to 
Driver, it occurs only three times (1:17; 4:1,7). This construction, however, is not 
found in Aramaic. 

(b) Some of these cases occur in the very earliest books. 

(c) While in most cases the special form of the voluntative, i. e., the Jussive or 
Cohortative, is employed, in many the usual form of the Imperfect occurs. 

(d) This is, of course, more frequent in poetry than in prose. 

(e) These cases are few, cf . Driver, p. 162. 

REFERENCES FOR STUDY. 

Gen. 1:26; 9:27; 17:2; 22:17; 27:29,31..2b. Isa.2:ll; 40:12.. la. 

Gen. 28:6 lc. Isa. 41:11,15,22; 42:6,14,21,23 2b. 

Gen. 31: 7 la. Ezek.9:7; 13:6,8; 25:12; 37:2; 41:3,8,13, 

Ex. 24:7; 26:24 2b. 15 lb. 

Dt.2:30; 33:2,20 la. Amos 7: 2,4b lc. 

Judg.3:23; 7:13 lc. Ps.25:9; 37:40; 49:9; 73:8 2b. 

1 Sam. 1:12; 3:13 lc. Esth. 2:14; 3:12; 8:15; 8:23,24 lb. 

2Sam.6:16; 13:18 lc. Ezra6:22; 8:30,36; 9:2 lb. 

lKgs.3:llb; 6:32,35: 11:10 lc. Neh. 9:7,8; 12:39; 13:1,30 lb. 

27. The Participle. 

1. a. jj^ n^/") 1 keeper of aflocJc. 

y\) ^}iD *j/"t* 2 knowers of good and evil. 

!nn^3 *3^ B dwellers in thy house. [of Cush. 

b. ty'13 fltf /3 DK D5^ri 4 the one that encompasseth all the land 



i Gen. 4:2. 2 Gen. 3:5. 3 p s . 84:5. * Gen. 2:13. 



82 HEBREW SYNTAX [§27. 

flftK 1 *7Dfl D^'l^ 1 doing kindness and truth. 

v v:|v v-jv • " 

nXty DWfl 2 full of noise. 

ilOTMl IDpDrT 3 he that is impoverished of an oblation. 
2. a. ^jl&rprfJlQ D&^ K^JT) 4 and he was sitting in the door of the tent. 
D*p7ND ^WN il^m 5 an< ^ uea old, we were binding sheaves. 
T\r\\ |K¥"MN iltfl tVft nt^'D 6 Moses was keeping Jethro's 
flock. 
rrD^D^rr^D^ ^Ji'D tVTV ne was ruling over all the kingdoms. 

t : - - t : " t t 

o. ^DWi ^HX OT 71D 8 ^e voice of thy brother's blood is 
crying unto me. [ing. 

D\JT1 OH <ii3^K ^ W"n*T*4D 9 * e ^ me w ^ iere tae y are shepherd- 
D5HK ID^D ^itf ^N> 10 which I am teaching you. 
Di* /05 Dj7f 7N 11 CT ^ 0< ^ that hath indignation every day. 
p**7V 7 ^t^l DP? 12 ^ wicked plot against the just. [earth. 

c r*)KrT"7j/ ^VDQD ^5^ 13 I am ( aoout ) to bring rain upon the 
D*KH} D*£D* tl%tl u behold, tJie days are coming. 

• T • T " * 

^|7 j"T"|7* 'HJl^N *lt^ 15 Sarai, thy wife, will bear thee a son. 
D^D^f"? Uf"OK *^^^ 16 ^ n w hich we are [about] to go. 

1. In respect to government, the Participle^ may be 

a. A noun (construct) followed by another noun in the genitive, 6 or 

b. A verb governing the following noun as an accusative or by 
means of prepositions.^' 6 

2. In respect to tense or temporal function, the Participle is used in 
the description of 

a. A state (or action)/ belonging to the sphere of the past; thus 
presenting some particular attribute or characteristic, or picturing vividly 
the particular circumstances under which a given event took place. 

b. A state or action belonging to the sphere of the present, and thus 
represented as continuing, enduring, permanent. 71 '^' 

c. A state or action belonging to the sphere of the future, thus 



1 Gen. 24:49. 


b Gen. 37: 7. 


9 Gen. 37:16. 


13 Gen. 7:4. 


2lsa. 22:2. 


e Ex. 3:1. 


loDeut. 4:1. 


u Jer. 23:5. 


alsa. 40:20. 


UKgs. 5:1. 


11 Ps. 7:12. 


is Gen. 17:19. 


4 Gen. 18:1. 


8 Gen. 4:10. 


12 Ps. 37:12. 


lejud. 18:5. 



g 27.] BY AN INDUCTIVE METHOD. 83 

represented as beginning, and hence certain; only the context determin- 
ing whether there is reference to a near or to a remote future J 6 

3. a. filjM^J D*f"QfD DIM pi 1 only the people kept sacrificing in the 

t - • : - : *t t } - 

7w"(77i places, 
b. Jltn DiD^H NH^-flft 2 ^°w fearful {timendus) is this place. 

| T - T 

4. a. 11^7 yKr>& *3- • • -l^*^ 3 s P ea ^ */ 07 * ^2/ servant heareth. 

b. )& V 1)^7 D*1DK 0*^7*1* 2M bride, they say to us, make, [discord. 

5. a. D\370 fl /2^'D^ D^t3 rT*£* 5 w^o uttereth lies and letteth loose 

•t: -•• - : . T ._. T 

b. nflD^' N '^"ilN^] rQtJ7J"T 6 whoforsaketh. . .and the covenant 

of God forgetteth. [the needy. 
JlOK 0**"!* 71 D^p3 7 he raiseth up the poor lifteth up 

c. ;]?*} 7iNC^' I^HtD 8 h e bringeth down to Sheol and bringeth up. 
K1D1 D*1D17 D*£1t^ 9 seraphim were standing, and each kept 

tJt : • : H • t : 

calling. 

3. a. "While, usually and properly, the Participle denotes a fixed, con- 
tinuous state, it is sometimes found, instead of the Imperfect, marking a 
"fact liable to recur." 

b. The passive Participle is often equivalent with Latin Participle 
in dus. 

4. a. The subject of the Participle generally precedes it ; but it some- 
times follows, especially when the verbal idea is to be emphasized. 

b. The subject of the Participle is occasionally omitted, and in 
such cases must be supplied from the context. 

5. The Participle is found joined in one way or another with finite 
verbal forms, as follows : 

a. Following an Imperfect. 

b. Followed by a Perfect or Imperfect. 

c. Followed by a Perfect or Imperfect with "Waw Consecutive (cf. 
the usage in U 24. 5 ; 25. 46). 

REMARKS. 

(a) When the Participle is used as an adjective, it follows the law of the adjective 

(§ 10). 



!lKgs.3:2. 4 Ex. 5:16. eprov, 2:17. slSam.2:i 

2 Gen. 28:17. eprov.6:19. U Sam. 2:8. s>Isa. 6:2. 

si Sam. 3:9. 



84 HEBREW SYNTAX [g 28. 

(b) On the use of the Participles with the article, see § 4. 3. /. 

(c) This construction is especially frequent in poetry. 

(d) The Participle is sometimes followed by h (dative of advantage or disadvantage) 
rather than by an accusative, e. g\, 1 Sam. 11: 9. 

(e) Cases in which both constructions of the Participle (nominal and verbal) occur 
simultaneously are not infrequent, e. g., HtT^* *int? TW$ Amos 4:13. 

(/) On the force of the Participle as compared with that of the Imperfect, see § 20. 
B.(7i). 

(fir) Note the rarity in earlier books of the use of a Participle with a finite verb (e. g., 
Gen.4:17; 37:2; 1 Sam.2:ll) as compared with the same usage in later books (e.g.,Neh. 
1:4; 2:13,15). 

(h) The Participle, as well as the Perfect (§ 18. 3) and the Imperfect (§ 21. 3), may be 
used to express a general truth, e. g., Ps. 19 : 2 ; 29 : 5, but only in later Hebrew. 

(£) Note also its frequent use as an appositive of a preceding substantive, e. g., 
Isa. 40:22,23. 

0') With use of the Participle for the present, compare the similar usage in Ara- 
maic, where it is more common than the proper participial usage. 

(k) In this usage the Participle is often preceded (for vividness) by HJil behold; 
though this particle is also employed when the Participle refers to the past or present, 
e. g., 1 Kgs. IS: 5; 1 Sam. 14::33. 

REFERENCES FOR STUDY. 

Gen. 2:9 , 3b. 2 Sam. 13:4 2b. 

Gen. 3: 5; 19:13 4a. 1 Kgs. 1:25,48.., 20. 

Gen. 13-7; 46:34 la. 1 Kgs. 22: 44 3a. 

Gen.l5:14; 18:17 2c. 2 Kgs. 15:5 lb. 

Gen.24:21; 41:1 2a. Isa.l:7; 41:17 2b. 

Gen.24:30; 32:7; 41:1 4b. Isa.l:31; 3:13; 8:7 2c. 

Gen. 39:3,6,22... 3a. Isa. 21:11; 32:12 4b. 

Ex. 9:3 2c. Hos. 2:8 5c. 

Num. 11:27 2b. Mic. 3:9 5&. 

Num. 21:34 2a. Ps.3:3; 4:7 2b. 

Deut. 1:20,25 2c. Ps.22:32 3b. 

Deut. 10: 13; 11:26 , 20. Ps.29:5 5c. 

Deut.ll:7 lb. Ps.95:10; 97:7; 119:2 la. 

Deut. 12:10 2e. Prov. 13:24 5b. 

Judg.2:22; 8:4; 19:18 4a. Prov.l6:28 5a. 

lSam.3:ll; 19:11; 20:36 2c. Jobl:13... 2a. 

1 Sam. 14:11 2b. Job 1:14 2a. 

1 Sam. 17:34 2a. Job 12: 21 5b. 

2 Sam. 6:16 2a. Esth.2:ll,13 3a. 

2 Sam. 12: 23b 2c. 

28. The Infinitive Absolute. 

1. *V^"73 O'inrj 1 the destroying every city. 

\£i¥ tDHttf} ^lp^} Jhfl 2 slaughtering oxen and hilling sheep. 



i Deut. 3:6. 2 Isa. 22:13. 



I 28.] BY AN INDUCTIVE METHOD. 85 

2. a. Tp7n VD*Tl5 *DK is? 1 they would not walk in Ms ways. 

*\pUjfS Tll^iTl HiJO WJO 2 /see committing adultery and 

walking in lies, 
b- 3£?*n TiritO iriK rDKI 3 ond I stamped t£, grinding diligently. 
1KD i"Q*"li"T N^WV 4 and I was very much afraid. 

: •• : - t • t 

The Infinitive absolute** partakes of both a nominal and a verbal char- 
acter.k Like the verb 6 it may govern a noun in the accusative; like the 
noun it may be construed as a nominative, genitive, or accusative. Its 
more important usages may be classified as follows: 

1. It may govern a dependent noun only in the accusative; it never 
stands in annexion. d 

2. a. It may stand as an accusative, 6 '^ governed by a finite verb, but 
the Infinitive construct is more frequently employed. 

h. It may stand as an adverbial accusative, equivalent to an ordi- 
nary adverb.0 

REMARKS. 

(a) The Infinitive absolute differs from the Infinitive construct in being more stiff, 
and in being' unable either to stand in annexion with a following word, or to be gov- 
erned by a preceding preposition. 

(b) "1. The Semitic Infinitive is really not an Infinitive in the sense of the term as 
used in Greek, Latin, German [and English] grammar; for it was originally, and has 
remained to the present day, a true noun, which contains in itself all the properties 
of the noun, and is construed as such in the sentence. The most which can be admit- 
ted is, that this noun sometimes gives up its capacity for inflection, and becomes an 
adverb ; but never in any case does it pass over into the verb-system, in the manner 
which characterizes the proper Infinitive idea. 2. The Semitic nomen actionis ex- 
presses the abstract idea of being, acting, or suffering; and has been derived from 
the verb in the way in which verbal derivatives, with a concrete meaning, passed 
over into the abstract meaning. 3. This abstract verbal noun, through its derivation 
from the verb, has received the power of construction peculiar to the verb, so that it 
can subordinate another noun in the accusative, and attach to itself a subject in the 
nominative; while, on the other hand, it has no power whatever, in itself, of express- 
ing any difference in tense, or in the kind of verb. 4. From the agreement in form 
among the different branches of the Semitic family of languages, it plainly follows 
that even the original Semitic language had already handed over the function of the 
abstract verbal noun to certain forms."s 

(c) The Infinitive, like the Participle, is without tense, referring alike to past, pres- 
ent, or future, according to the demands of the context. 

(d) The Infinitive absolute rarely has a subject, e. g., Ps. 17:5. 



Usa. 42:24. 2jer. 23:14. sDeut.9:21.- 4Neh.2:2. 

s Adolph Koch, Der semitische Infinitif, 1874. 



86 HEBREW SYNTAX [g 28. 

(e) Sometimes also as a nominative, e. g., Isa. 32: 17; 2 Chron. 31: 10; and as a geni- 
tive, e. g., Isa. 14:23. 

(/) The suffix governed by the Infinitive absolute must have J1K . 

(flf) The most common Infinitives thus used are PD^n, Gen. 15:1; prPH , Gen. 
21:16; p*lH , Ex.30:36; «San, Isa. 29:14; DD^H , 1 Sam. 17:16; pn , Josh.3:17; t|pn, 
Josh. 6:11; 2^Ti , 1 Sam. 17:16. With the exception of 171D , Josh. 2:5, aU forms 
thus used are in the Hiph'il. 

3. a. TJDJ7 '* H*n *5 ^M^l iKI 1 we saw; /or a certainty that T. was 
with thee. 
D3J"I& *ft"Tp £) "1D5 2 -?" wi7Z surely visit you. 

v : v • :|j-t ) t 

*3E?P *W$i *?KK^4 3 ^ e urgently besought me. 
*)}1H 1^/1 1,37n 4 ^ strictly charged us. 
b. t0i5^ tD£)t^' <, 1 5 a ^ ^ e * s always acting as judge. 

t : • - 

TH!!! ilD^S 6 ^ i0% ^ aSi5 repeatedly blessed. 
c lilK ^Dl^ 7 cwrse ?/e bitterly. 

T 

iN*l 1K11 yiD^' y^Dt^' 8 ^ ear 2/ e indeed and see ye indeed. 

d. DiC'l Tli^ri D*£Dil iQtfWa^ ^ e waters kept continually 

receding. 

i^JO TliTTT ID^n 10 ^ e 2/ wewtf going on and lowing. 

3. The Infinitive absolute^ is used in connection with a finite verb** 
(generally of the same root and stem d ), as a sort of cognate or absolute 
accusative {I 31. 4). "Various cases arise : — 

a. The Infinitive may precede the finite verb, and mark the cer- 
tainty of the idea conveyed or intensify it. e / 

b. The Infinitive may follow the finite verb, and convey the idea of 
repeated or continued action. 

c. The Infinitive may folloiv the finite verb, and, as when preceding 
it, intensify the idea.0 

d. Two Infinitives may follow, one of which is frequently T??tl , 
and the idea thus emphasized is that of continuance. 11 

REMARKS. 

(a) The Infinitive construct is rarely employed for the Infinitive absolute, e. g., 
Ps. 50:21; Ruth 2: 16; Neh.l:7. 

(b) Sometimes the finite verb is omitted, the Infinitive only remaining. 



i Gen. 26:28. 4 Gen. 43:3. 7 Judg. 5:23. » Gen. 8:3,5. 

2 Ex. 3:7. b Gen. 19:19. 8 Isa. 6:9. iol Sam. 6:12. 

si Sam. 20:6. 6 Num. 24:10. 



I 28.] BY AN INDUCTIVE METHOD. 87 

(c) In poetry the Infinitive is sometimes of a different (though cognate) root, e. g., 
Jer. 8:13; 48:9; Isa. 28: 28. 

(d) The Infinitive absolute is frequently in Qal when the finite verb is of a differ- 
ent stem; e. g., in the NIph., Ex. 19:13; 21:20,22,28; Mic. 2:4; in the Pl'el or Pu'al, 
Josh. 24: 10 ; Gen. 37: 33; in the HIph'il, 1 Sam. 23: 22; in the Hlth., Isa. 24: 19. Cf. also 
Lev. 19:20; Ezek.l6:4. 

(e) The particle DJ is frequently employed to give additional emphasis; it stands 
between the verb and the infinitive; e. g., Gen. 31: 15; 46:4; Num. 16: 13. 

(/) A negative, in such cases, generally stands between the Infinitive and the 
verb, e. g., Ex. 5:23; 34: 7; Deut. 21: 14; Nah. 1: 3; Mic. 1:10; though sometimes before 
both verb and Infinitive, e. g., Gen. 3:4; Amos 9:8; Ps. 49: 8. 

(flf) While the Infinitive, when it follows the verb, generally gives the idea of 
repetition or continuance, there are many cases in which this force is not allowed by 
the context, e. g., Gen. 31:15; Isa. 22:17; Jer. 22:10. 

(h) In connection with *pn , used to express continuance, the second word, which 
then expresses the principal idea, may be not only an Infinitive absolute, but also 
a Participle, or verbal adjective, e.g., 1 Sam. 2:26; 14:19; 2 Sam. 3:1; IChron. 11; 9. 

4. a. t^fr-nX prOI VVJO nr^D'riN 1 oXl this have I seen and ap- 

plied my heart. 

0**730 fl^l fi1*Tfl1$3 U^PO' 4 ! 2 and t}ie y olew the trumpets and 
broke the pitchers, 
o. iTU«T J ?3....ink DJn....#WT JW let the man be put to 

T r " |T T T • T 

death . . .let all the congregation stone him. 

**1D3*? *"DD IK 03 Jnn *1J7 4 to the stranger thou shalt give 

• : t : t tjv : • 

it, or sell it to an alien. [watch, etc. 

5. a. "U! rV£)¥0 05¥ \ti?$t] ^% 5 the y Prepare the table, set the 
b- *"inirn ^i^N 6 ye shall eat and leave thereof. 

: t 

c« nStS^'O DV'HK ^i-D? 7 remember the Sabbath day. 

T - - V T 

iT?NO D^^D /TilK Hip/ 8 take thou these documents. 

V -1" t • t : - - J T 

d. Jll J^t 1 ? \F\y\ ^Hp rfUJJO 9 I w ^ bring up a company and 

deliver them to vexation. 

4. The Infinitive absolute is used to continue the verbal idea a 

a. Introduced by a Perfect, or an Imperfect with "Waw Consecutive. 

b. Introduced by an Imperfect referring to the future. 



lEccles. 8:9. 4 Deut. 14:21. 6 2Kgs. 4:43. 8 Jer. 32:14. 

sjudg. 7:19. 5 Isa. 21:5. 7 Ex. 20:9. 9Ezek.23:46. 

s Num. 15:35. 



88 



HEBREW SYNTAX 



[§29. 



5. The Infinitive absolute is, still further, used as a concise and vivid 
substitute for a finite verb;** c as, 

a. For the Perfect in narration and description ; cf. Latin Histor- 
ical Infinitive. 

b. For the Imperfect, referring to the future. 

c. For the Imperative, when it is to be expressed emphatically. 

d. For the Cohortative, in the way of exclamation.^ 

REMARKS. 

(a) Especially frequent in later literature, when it was thought sufficient to ex- 
press the distinction of tense, number and person in the first verbal form and allow it 
to be understood in the case of those following. 

(b) For examples of its use where the subject is expressed, see Gen. 17: 10; Ps.17: 5; 
Pro v. 17:12; etc. 

(c) This usage is probably due to the ellipsis of the finite verb, e. g., VlJK standing 
for >i7DKFi VlDS ; *Y"DT , for n3Tfl TDT . 

(d) In none of these cases, or in those under 4 a, b, may the Infinitive have a 
negative. 

REFERENCES FOR STUDY. 

Gen. 8: 7 3b. lKgs. 32:30 5d. 

Gen. 27:30; 43:3,20 3a. 2Kgs.4:43 .5b. 

Gen. 41:43 4a. Isa. 5:5; 59:4 1 



Gen. 46: 4 3c. 

Ex. 3:7 3a. 

Ex. 8:11 ..4a. 

Ex. 36: 7 2b. 

Lev. 32:44 4b. 

Num. 16:13 3c. 

Num. 25:17 5c. 

Deut. 5:12..... 5c. 

Josh. 6:13 3d. 

Judg. 5:23 3e. 

Judg.7:19 4a. 

Judg. 11: 25 3a. 

1 Sam, 2: 30; 9:6 3a. 

1 Sam. 2:26; 14:19 3d. 

1 Sam. 2: 27,28.... ..4a. 

2 Sam. 3:1; 5:10 3d. 

2 Sam. 19:43 3a. 



Isa. 7:15; 22:13 2a. 

Isa. 42: 20 4a. 

Isa. 59 : 4 5a. 

Jer. 2:2 5c. 

Jer.7:13 2b. 

Jer. 22:10 ......3b. 

Ez. 1 : 14 5a. 

Hos. 4:2 5a. 

Amos 9:8 3a. 

Zech.3:4;7:5 4a. 

Zech. 12:10 5b. 

Job 15:3 ....5b. 

Job 15: 35 1 

Eccl. 9 :11 4a. 

Dan. 9:5 4a. 

lChron.ll:9 3d. 



29. The Infinitive Construct. 

1. a. il^ 1 ? Dl^n DVil Di£D ii*? 1 the being of man alone is not good. 

- : tt|t v: 

D*t£^N niN^Jl D3D Dl/DJl 2 ** the wearying of men too little 
for you ? 
i Gen. 2:18. 2 Isa. 7:13. 



I 29.] BY AN INDUCTIYE METHOD. 89 

6. DNi^K '* T\SWy_. Dl'3 1 o» *Ae day of Y. God's making, etc. 
£"|DNr7 n^"K7 2 wo* time for being gathered. 

c. n*iD^ ^lliy^}? 3 *^ or ^ e sa ^ e of trying = in order to try. [see. 

j"|JOD VTV PnDni* a?2c7 - ^* s e 2/ es were wl; so f7ia£ 7ie cow?c? no£ 
DH^'ilK W n/^in^ 5 w7ie% Isaac was born to him. 

I t : • v "T • : 

d> N^l DNV J^"J&!? N / 6 I know not [how) to go out or to come in. 
D'C?D HPtf 'fiSO.t^ 7 /*«*« ^e (?% of sin. 
2. a. 73tf5Jl"nX D^pH 8 to se£ -wp i$e tabernacle. 
p**l¥ il^priy 9 ^o destroy the righteous. 
^Til^ D*p»"7 ?J7p7 10 i n order to establish thee, 
b. (1) *Jl"V DJ1 D^fl^ rOfc?? 11 ^ e dwelling of brethren also together. 
DJ^n /Ti^lt^ V D*P V$ 12 ^ ere was ^° water for the people to 
drink. 
y/V '* il/Dn^l 13 mi Yahwetis sparing him. 

t *r - : v : 

^,5-5^ *JOp3 14 * w m 2/ calling t answer me (cf. *]1X £Op3) 
(2) i^'T^ ^DH Dlt^ 1 ? 15 ^ ^ king should take it to heart. 
""JfTN WW DDH 7^D 16 that one man should rule over you. 

t v v t : 

c y*\R N '* i"W# DV5 17 in the day of Y. God's making earth, etc. 
in& ^HK Wlr] 18 thy brother's seeking it. 
UriK niiT rttOfc>2 19 in Yahweh's hating us. 

-it - : 

tO£)t!^P f i^3K ^5*13 20 ^Ae^ ^ e needy speak justice. 

The Infinitive construct, like the Infinitive absolute, partakes of both 
a nominal and a verbal character. It is much more flexible than the 
Infinitive absolute and may, at one time, exercise both functions. 

1. The Infinitive construct as a noun a may be used, 

a. As a nominative serving as the subject, 

b. As a genitive depending upon a preceding construct, 

c. As a genitive depending on a preceding preposition,** 

d. As an accusative, the direct object of a verb. 



i Gen. 2:4. 


6 1 Kgs. 3:7. 


n Ps. 133:1. 


16 Judg. 9:2. 


2 Gen. 29:7. 


7Ps.l01:3. 


12 Ex. 17:1. 


17 Gen. 2:4. 


3 Ex. 20: 20. 


s Num. 9:15. 


islsa.47:9. 


is Deut. 22:2. 


4 Gen. 27:1. 


9 Gen. 18:25. 


i*Ps. 4:2. 


19 Deut. 1:27. 


e Gen. 21:5. 


io Deut. 29:12. 


is 2 Sam. 19:20. 


20 Isa. 32:7. 



90 HEBREW SYNTAX [g 29. 

2. a. The Infinitive construct, likewise the verbal noun, which is really 
an Infinitive, governs as its direct object a noun which is construed as an 
accusative. 6 '^ 

b. The Infinitive construct may have a subject, which will be 

(1) a noun placed immediately after it as genitive, or 

(2) a noun following it (not always immediately) as a nomina- 
tive. 6 >f>9 

c. The Infinitive construct may be followed by two nouns, a subject 
and an object, in which case the former of the two is the subject (either 
genitive or nominative).^ 

REMARKS. 

(a) While the Infinitive construct is in many respects a noun, it does not receive 
an article, cases like JTJHH JTJ? (Gen. 2:9) being rare and exceptional. 

(b) 2 with the Infinitive construct is equivalent to while, when (quando); 2, as 
soon as, when (cum with subjv.). 

(c) The object of the Infinitive construct is never a genitive. 

(d) Only the suffix of the first person may be appended as an accusative to the 
Infinitive; other suffixes, except occasionally the third plural, must have flX • 

(e) In Arabic there are three possible constructions: (1) Infinitive, subj. in gen., 
obj. in ace; (2) Infinitive, obj. in gen., subj. in nom.; (3) Infinitive, subj. in nom., obj. 
in ace. 

(/) Since the case-endings have been lost, it is often impossible to determine 
whether the subject is a genitive or nominative; but it may clearly be taken as a 
nominative (1) when the 7 prefixed to the inf. has pretonic — (e. g., 2 Sam. 19:20); 
(2) when a word stands between the Infinitive and the subject (see above). 

(g) The subject is frequently omitted when it can be supplied from the context, 
e. g., Gen. 24 : 30 ; Isa. 5 : 2. 

(h) Sometimes the object rather than the subject follows the Infinitive, e. g., Josh. 
14:11; Isa. 5:24; 20:1. 

(t) The Hebrew by the "combination of the verbal and nominal construction of 
the Infinitive construct is enabled to secure wonderful brevity," e. g., Gen. 39:18; 
Deut. 22:2. 

3. a. It^lp 1 ? 'Wti Dl*'flK I'D? 1 remember the Sabbath day to keep it 
holy. , „ [tell thee. 

Th "lMin 1 ? H3 1 ? '3K " D1 rTD^DfrO 2 and only I have escaped to 

||t • - ; • - : • -: | - t : |t • t 

b. frO^ 1 ? $12Wtl *i7*1 3 and the sun was about to go down. 

t v -iv _ • : _ 

*;3l7*t^1fTy ffln* 4 Yahweh is about to deliver me. 
a Tl 1 ? n\\&$? ft?? 5 w ^ at can ^ e done for thee f 
Tr 1 ? *13"T l 7 ffltl 5 ~ can one s P e ak for thee f 



i Ex. 20: 8. 3 Gen. 15:12. * Isa. 38:20. 5 2Kgs.4:13. 

2 Job 1:16. 



I 29.] BY AN INDUCTIVE METHOD. 91 

d. JlDIKiTJlX '111^ PK D1N1 1 and there was no man to till the g. 

t t -: |t v . |- I • j- t t : 

iDD*? ilV*) m*?*? DV 2 there is a time to be born and a time to die. 

t *• : vjy t r" 

«• Dit^J/ 1 ? K J03**1E7^ 8 which God created while malting. 
^IDK 1 ? 'K DDK TO DM 4 «-w<^ #• blessed them, saying. 

t | v jt : - 

7^j^"7X^7 vN^D^I 5 «?icZ ^ey tempted God in ashing for food. 

v _i t : " - : ~ 

4. a. *2Tw DIKH 7Hil 6 wen began to multiply. 

T TT |T " " 

Vf7N"j""lN JT777 ^jOni 7 «^ she added to bear his brother, 
b. iTI^D/ t£^N 7-DV 8 a man may be able to number. 
c SV\ti7 1^'0^"DK ^Nfc^l 9 and he ashed for himself to die. 

7] 7**7 / DDH^ |£V~X7 10 h e will n °t permit you to go. 

3. The Infinitive construct with the preposition 7 , 

a. Is used primarily to express purpose. 0, 

b. May be rendered " is to," " is about to," in statements of time.** 

c. Is sometimes best expressed by " can " (= possibility). 

d. Denotes consequence, " that," " so that." 

e. Marks a concomitant circumstance (= gerund in do). c 

4. The Infinitive construct with the preposition 7 occurs when the 
Infinitive alone would have answered, d 

a. After verbs of beginning, ceasing. 

b. After verbs implying ability, or possibility. 

c. After verbs of wishing, commanding, refusing. 

REMARKS. 

(a) Cf. the more emphatic construction (1) with U?D7 , Deut. 8:3; 1 Kgs. 13:15; 
Isa. 30: 1; Jer. 32: 29; Mic. 6: 5,16; (2) with *TD;07 , 2 Sam. 17:14; 18: 18. 

(b) The use of 7 in filiyy 1 ? , Isa. 5:2, till it should produce, is worthy of note. 

(c) " It thus serves to characterize more closely the idea of the verb by stating the 
sphere in which the action moves;" the phrase is best translated by treating the In- 
finitive as the main verb, and the finite verb as an adverb. 

(d) The Infinitive as subject semetimes has 7 , e. g., Prov. 21: 9; 2 Sam. 18: 11. 

5. a. EhWWb iDK^V -t^TD*? "Iftkn 11 who says to C. .and says to J. 

• - t I • - : v : •• t 

&%% Hi? fr Mi? 1 ?! 1AM7?? ft &&) Up! Dyjg-rKf* 

your sons he will take and set them on his chariots, and will make 
them leaders of thousands. 

1 Gen. 2:5. 4 Gen. 1:22. 1 Gen. 4:2. 10 Ex. 3:19. 

2Eccl.3:2. 6 ps. 78: 18. 8 Gen. 13: 16. 11 Isa. 44:28. 

3Gen.2:3. 6Gen.6:l. »lKgs. 19:4. 12 1 Sam. 8:11,13. 



92 



HEBREW SYNTAX 



[2 29. 



b. VDrTl ntlttf) i£3Tl" ,, 7l^ 1 because he pursued him and stifled Ms 
T _. |. ....... T «*. 

compassion. 

£OpK1 *p ,h irj3 *fT^ a an & & came to pass when I raised my voice 
and cried. [eat. 

6. ^DQ-^DN: 'fl*??*? ^H^V ^^ 3 °/ ™ 7w ' c ^ J commanded thee not to 
0*1(1 */0N ^ri 1 ?^ 1 ? Pin P^ 4 ° 71 ^ be strong not to eat the blood. 

5. The Infinitive construct sometimes 

a. Continues a sentence introduced by an Imperfect or Participle. 

b. Is continued by the Perfect or Imperfect with Waw Consecutive 
(§§24. 5; 25. 5). 

6. When the Infinitive is to be negatived, ^Jpfo^fr is employed. 



REFERENCES FOR STUDY. 



Gen. 4:13; 34:30 lc. 

Gen. 18:29. .-; 4a. 

Ex. 14:12 la. 

Ex. 14:12 2a. 

Ex. 32:29 5 

Lev. 10:10,11 5 

Deut. 8:2; 11:4; 15:10; 25:17 lc. 

Deut. 25:19 2b. 

Josh. 14:7 2c. 

1 Sam. 12:17; 14: 33 3e. 

2 Sam. 14:25 3c. 

2 Sam. 17:14 lc. 

3 Sam. 18:11 la. 

lKgs. 12:15; 15:4... 2a. 

lKgs.l3:4 2c. 

Isa. 5:24; 10:2 5 



Isa.l0:32 Bb. 

Isa. 13:19; 10:15 2c. 

Isa. 47:9.. „ 2b. 

Jer.7:10 2a. 

Jer. 17:10; 19:12 5 

Hos. 9:13 Sb. 

Amos 8: 4 5 

Mic. 6:8 Id. 

Ps. 32:9 3b. 

Ps. 34:23 5 

Ps. 46:3; 76:10; 133:1 25. 

Prov.l4:8;16:12 la. 

Prov. 26:2 3e. 

Job 33:17 .....2c. 

2 Chr. 5:11; 20:6; 25:9 ..3c. 



i Amos 1:11. 



2 Gen. 39:18. 



3 Gen. 3:11. 



* Deut. 12:23. 



HI. Verbal Government and Apposition. 

30. The Object Accusative. 

1. 'Nil DfrO D*D£M MK 'K J^ID 1 GW created the heavens and the e. 

2. !&**?£ D*D1 DO*T 2 your hands are full of blood. 
nj^DH plDri* )1 ?1K 3 perhaps they will lack five. 

3. fttyn D^ID ICO*? 4 ^ e pastures are clothed with flocks. 
7^n "HtN 5 ^ e y gird themselves with strength. 

4. JVDn ^1££^ 6 ^ e remained in the house. 

I J^D Y*W IfcO**) 7 cmd they came to the land of Canaan. 
*Vj^n £"W is? 8 he went not out of the city. 

5. rrjnn TffrDJ. • ■ .i"QlDf7 ^n^DJl 9 thou hast rendered me good, I 
have rendered thee evil. [tidings. 
^DH JIN fTlEON *0 jl¥DN 10 let me run and bring the king 

1. In Hebrew, as in other languages, transitive verbs govern their 
object in the accusative^ But aside from ordinary transitive verbs, 
certain other classes are so construed ; these are 

2. Yerbs denoting fullness or want} 3 of which the most common are 
is7t2 oe full, y2& be satisfied, V^W teem, t**")fl overflow, %Tt\ oe satis- 
fied, IDH oe deficient, tOC^ be deprived. 

3. Verbs denoting to clothe and unclothe, of which the most common 
are £07 put on, tVV$ adorn oneself, HtO^ cover, Cl£D^ wrap up, JlDD 
cover, J"f£}£ overlay, HID spread over, 1£0^ crown, UUl , lft$ fl'tVcZ, Dt^iD 
pw£ <#. 

4. Verbs denoting to #o, or come, to dwell, of which the most common 
are tfQ #o m, tf¥> <7<> ow*, ^ft 00, M», pB>, Ttt <&^, ^^ Ms 
ctowm. 

5. Verbs which were originally transitive and now resume their origi- 
nal force, or which were originally intransitive but have come to be con- 



i Gen. 1:1. 4 p s . 65:14. 7 Gen. 45:25. 9 1 Sam. 34:18. 

2lsa.l:15. 6 1 Sam. 3:4. 8 2Kgs.30:4. ie 3 Sam. 18:19. 

s Gen. 18:28. 6 Ruth 3:7. 



94 HEBREW SYNTAX [§ 31. 

ceived of as transitive; 6 e. g., %*") defend before court, ftty answer, 
reply to, *)£0 bring good news to, ftfrO commit adultery with, ^T\^ 
become surety for, y^JJ , D7£^ repay, retaliate, HIE) rebel against. 

REMARKS. 

(a) Many verbs originally construed with prepositions come, in later usage, to be 
taken transitively, e. g., pt^J , 2 Sam. 15:5; 1 Sam. 20:41; while many which were orig- 
inally transitive come to prefer a preposition, e. g., Kip with S , b# , 2 , or inx . 

(b) In poetry also with verbs which gain this force only from the context, e. g., 
hn, Jer.9:17; *]DJ , Joel4:18; Judg.5:4; *pW , Isa. 10:22; nSj? , Isa. 5:6; Prov.24:31. 

(c) Here may be noted that double usage in accordance with which there may be 
employed either the noun alone or the noun with the preposition 3 , e. g., Ps. 22: 8 and 
Job 16: 4; Ps. 35:16 and Job:16: 9. Cf. also the use of 3 in Lam. 1:17; Ex. 7:20, where we 
would certainly employ the accusative. 

REFERENCES FOR STUDY. 

Gen. 1:20,21; 27: 45 2. Isa. 32:16.. 4. 

Gen. 4 : 20 4 . Isa. 60 : 6 5 . 

Ex. 1:7 2. Ps. 5:5; 120:5 4. 

Judg. 5:17 4. Ps. 35:12; 68:12 5. 

2Kgs.20:4 4. Ps. 65:14^104:2 3. 

31. The Double Accusative. 

1. *1DK '* ^fcnjf 1 Y> hatli shown thee to me. 

P* 13^3K DK Mpt^J 2 let us cause our father to drinh wine. 

2. DJJ^K DDK rn^rn 8 and thou shalt gird them with priestly girdles. 
plS^ in^D**) 4 and he planted it with choice vines. 

3. ^d riNn ilN 1K/D1 5 and they shall fill the land with slain. 
Vi"QDD CTi"fi Jjll 6 with corn and new wine have. I sustained him. 

4. TDJ? HN N pH "It^K D*T*7W the children whom God hath 
granted thy servant. 

*"P*D* DIKI^ ^l^in 8 thy right hand shall teach thee terrible things. 
nTlfi D^n^Dn DK 7Nfc^ 9 ask the priests for instruction. 

5. 3p^ IDC £Op 10 he called his name Jacob. 

np*|^ *)7 JlDCrPV 1 and he counted it to him for righteousness. 

6. f"0?£D D'^DNH ilK i"T^3*V 2 an d he built the stones into an altar. 
15^ DINH fiK '* ")¥"V 3 and Y. formed the man out of dust. 

i2Kgs. 8:13. 5Ezek.30:ll. sp 8 .45:5. " Gen. 15:6. 

2 Gen. 19:32. 6 Gen. 27: 37. 9 Hag. 2:11. i2lKgS. 18:32. 

3 Ex. 29:9. i Gen. 33:5. io Gen. 27:36. "Gen. 2:7. 
i Isa. 5:2. 



§32.] BY AN INDUCTIVE METHOD. 95 

7. ^rf? ^!K /3 i"lN IV^rr 1 thou hast smitten all my enemies on the 
cheek-bone. [soul. 

C53 DH^^p ilK yDpl 2 an -d he w iH spoil their spoilers as to the 

Verbs which govern two accusatives may be classified as follows : a ' b 

1. The causative of stems which in the Qal governed one accusative. 

2. Yerbs denoting to clothe, cover; to plant, sow, which have or are 
assigned a causative force even in Qal. 

3. Verbs denoting to Jill, satisfy, sustain, and the opposite. 

4. Verbs denoting to give, bestoiv ; to ash, answer, teach. 

5. Verbs denoting to name, appoint, consider. 

6. Verbs denoting to make into, c make out of, build, form, etc. 

7. Verbs which take, besides a direct object, a remote object which 
specifies more distinctly the object affected by the action, or the circum- 
stances connected therewith. 

REMARKS. 

(a) Many of these verbs are also construed with prepositions. 

(Jb) Verbs which in the active govern two accusatives, in the passive govern one. 

(c) Here belong |fU , D't? , /W , 7W$ , H33 , etc. 

REFERENCES FOR STUDY. 

Gen. 4:25; 16: 15; 17: 5; 28:19 5. Jer.2:21 2. 

Gen. 19:33 1. Jer.3:15 7. 

Ex. 28:6; 37:1; 39:22,27 6. Amos6:ll 6. 

Josh. 7:25 7. Mic. 7:2 7. 

2 Sam. 1:18 4. Ps. 60:5 1. 

lKgs. 18:21 4. Ps.64:8 7. 

Isa.l6:9;50:4 3. Ps. 65:10 3. 

Isa.l7:10; 22:21; 30:23 2. Ps. 94:10 4. 

Isa. 60:17 6. 

82. The Cognate Accusative. 

1. yit jnt ^££^ 3 herb producing seed. 

Dl^TT £"]DV D^ITI 4 and Joseph had a dream. 
*jT"Q"T "D*7n 5 have I spoken [even) a word ? 

2. 7T7JI ^^} "OH 6 ^ey wept with a great weeping. 
^"in nDJD ID J 7 they fled the flight of the sword. 

*Op* ^TOn iYYDp 8 he shall be buried with the burial of an ass. 



IPs. 3:8. 3 Gen. 1:29. 5 2 Sam. 7:7. 7 Lev. 26:36 

2Prov.22:23. * Gen. 37:5. « 2 Sam. 13:36. sjer. 22:19. 



96 HEBREW SYNTAX [g 33. 

3. *jl&3p fl/lTJ HDn 1 I am jealous in great anger. 
7*11,3 ^1p pJ/Pl 2 a-w<Z Ae cried a loud voice. 

4. *1£0 liOl • • • -JADCy li^DC 3 ^ e ar a hearing see a seeing. 

y}T2r\ T?Qi"7* slialt thou indeed reign f 

Any verb may take a noun of the same stem to define and explain the 
verbal idea. This is called the cognate accusative. Here may be distin- 
guished : 

1. Cases in which the accusative furnishes a concrete example of the 
action expressed by the verb, and is employed either to express special 
emphasis, or where in modern languages the verb would be a word of 
general significance (cf. the usage in Latin and G-reek). 

2. Cases in which the cognate accusative, followed either by an adjec- 
tive or a genitive, furnishes additional information concerning the action 
of the verb. 

3. Cases in which this accusative is cognate not in stem, but only in 
signification. Hence arises a number of common and concise expres- 
sions, used, for the most part, in poetry. 

4. Cases in which this accusative expresses not the concrete, but the 
abstract idea of the verb. Here belongs the usage of the Infinitive abso- 
lute before and after a finite form {I 28. 3). 

REFERENCES FOR STUDY. 

Num. 31:3 1. Jer. 14:17; 20:11; 33:6; 30:14 3. 

1 Sam. 4:5 3. Jer. 30:14 3. 

1 Sam. 30:17 1. Hos. 10:4 1. 

3 Sam. 12:16; 13:15 1. Jon. 4:6 3. 

lKgs.3:16 1. Zech. 1:14,15 3. 

Isa.5:l 3. Zech. 1:2 1. 

Isa.5:6 1. Prov. 17:37; 22:23 1. 

Isa.37:6 3. 

33. The Adverbial Accusative. 

1. a. T\1t^il N^ 5 let us 9° ou t into the field. 

Viytl DK1 /WDKTT DK 6 whether to the left or to the right. 

T^n ^5 ilK \ ITY 7 and he encamped before the city, 
b. 7JTKn |"7J"l5 DC* £OrTl 8 while he sat at the entrance of the tent. 
Drf? JTD *1CK VDK *DpD 9 in his fathers grave which was in 
Bethlehem. 



i Zech. 8:2. 


4 Gen. 37:8. 


6 Gen. 13:9. 


a Gen. 18:1. 


2 2 Sam. 19:5. 


b 1 Sam. 20:11. 


7 Gen. 33:18. 


9 2 Sam. 2:3 


slsa. 6:9. 









I 33.] BY AN INDUCTIVE METHOD. 97 

2- D**U^C *VVp rijtlH 1 a t the beginning of barley-harvest. 
il^^l D^V fLUT 2 ^ e meditates day and night. 

3. D*DH VDJl- • • HDN m^J? t^^n 3 ^e waters rose ,/S/feera cubits, 
tfti?)]? ^rOC*? 4 ^ia£ ^o« may est live forever. 

FfrN j")N^*H *VJftl 5 the city that goes forth a thousand. 

4. DW D1"l^ 6 he flees naked, 

rOl^D JUlN ^'TV o"^ ^.<7&# came with confidence. 
*7]3N ^^ ^tf "ON 8 I will go down to my son mourning. 
D*£^N W)D* 9 they shall die as men. [men. 

5« DIN *^ 1£D£t^n D^l^D 10 2/ e s/ia?Z judge righteously the sons of 
D\3£) ^N D\3fl N 'fVN*) 11 I have seen God face to face. 
W^M DINTO 12 I have been wonderfully distinguished. 

6. 1/DNn ^ll"7 13 2/ e Aave oeew devoured by the sword. 
*3£ filNl 1 ? INDn 14 y e come in to be seen by my face. 

7. rf?HJl NU .DTWH "111 yp!3^ 15 «^ ^ mow^ 0/ OZte «Aa« be 
cleft [so as to become) a large valley. [great fear. 
'Jl HDiri/D yy2 '* *V 'JUT) 16 a. *• ^. 0/ r. was o?i £. c. [so that there arose) 

8. a. V/jn i")N n /I"! 17 ae was $1 as to his feet. [than thou. 

*\1212 /"UN ND^n p") 18 only as to the throne will I be greater 

b. D^5 nNinJ 19 let us see one another in person. 

D'£)N innS^^ 20 an d he bowed himself down as regards the face. 

c. ^N*l *"l£Dlfc^ Nil"! 21 h e will bruise thee in the head. 
*")t$0(7 D/l^O 22 he cooked them as to the flesh. 

d> N")pN '* 7N Vlp 23 I cry unto Y. with my voice. 

VlJ^TU N7 '* *£fc^ 24 % wm/ wawe I 7 ! /was wo£ known. 

Many nouns have become adverbs ; a many adverbial ideas are ex- 
pressed by means of prepositions. 5 Aside from these cases, the accusa- 
tive is used in an adverbial sense, to express, 

1. Designations of place, 

a. In answer to the question whither f c 

b. In answer to the question where f d 



12 Sam. 21:9. 


7 1 Sam. 15:32. 


lslsa. 1:20. 


i9 2Kg8. 14:8. 


2Ps. 1:2. 


s Gen. 37:35. 


«Isa. 1:12. 


20 Gen. 19:1. 


3 Gen. 7:20. 


9 1 Sam. 2:33. 


i5Zech.l4:4. 


21 Gen. 3:15. 


4lKgs.8:13. 


10 Ps. 58:2. 


16 1 Sam. 5:9. 


22 lKgs. 19:21. 


5 Amos 5:3. 


11 Gen. 32:31. 


it lKgs. 15:23. 


23 Ps. 3:5. 


6 Amos 2:16. 


12 Ps. 139:14. 


is Gen. 41:40. 


24 Ex. 6:3. 



98 HEBREW SYNTAX [g 33. 

2. Designation of time, in answer to the question when f but only in 
general statements. 6 

3. Designations of extent, duration, amount, in answer to the questions 
how far f how long f how much f 

4. The state or condition of the subject at the time of the action 
described in the principal verb. 

5. The particular mode or manner in which the action of the verb is 
performed. 

6. Rarely the instrument by means of which the action was per- 
formed. 

7. The effect or consequence of the action of the verb. 

8. The particular object or part to which the state or condition 
described by the verb is limited ; i. e., the accusative of specification \f 

a. With verbs which express a state or condition. 

b. With verbs which have a reflexive force. 

c. With verbs which have a direct object accusative. 

d. In poetry and with passive verbs. 

REMARKS. 

(a) E. g., DJDK , Djn , QXn£! ; flDD Judg. 8:11, also nD37 . 

(b) Cf. the various meanings local and temporal of 2 , 7 , |D , 7K , etc. 

(c) In these cases the accusative ending n_ is frequently employed (cf . Elements 0) 
Hebrew, § 121. 3); e. g., Gen. 14:10; 20:1. 

(d) Here also the ending H_ is sometimes employed; e. g., 1 Kgs. 4:14. 

(e) In particular statements prepositions , 7 , 3) are generally employed. 

(/) Here belongs the construction of the numeral noted in §§ 15. 2. c; 6. 2. R. (b). 

REFERENCES FOR STUDY. 

Gen. 5:3; 14: 4 3. Jer. 26:18 7. 

Gen. 9:20 4. Mic. 2:3 5. 

Gen. 18:1; 38:11 lb. Mic. 3:12 7. 

Gen. 42:6. 5. Nah. 1:8 la. 

Ex. 4: 9 la. Hah. 3:9 d 7. 

Ex. 16:20 7. Zeph. 3:9 8o*. 

Ex. 23:15 6. Ps. 1:2; 91: 6 2. 

Deut. 9:25; 15:18 3. Ps.2:12 8a. 

Deut. 33:11 8c. Ps. 12:3; 17:10,11.. 8a". 

2 Sam. 14:26 3. Ps.l5:2 4. 

2 Sam. 15:32 4. Ps. 56:3 5. 

2 Kgs. 14: 8,11 8b. Prov. 19:23.. ,, 6. 

Isa. 3:6 „ lb. Prov. 24:15 4. 

Isa. 60:14 5. Job 21: 7 8a. 

Jer.2:16 8c. 2 Chr.20:36 la. 



I 34.] BY AN INDUCTIVE METHOD. 99 

84. The Accusative with nx. 

I- tlMl JIN y*!* DINHV a7l< ^ ^ e wcm knew Eve. 
TlNi! ilK 'K NTl 2 «w^ GW saw tf*e light. 
VDK HK t^*N ^lf Jl^ 3 a man leaves his father. 

2. I 1 ? fl&]} *")^N DK J7T1 4 a^ Ae &?iew wAa£ he had done to him. 
I^ND N /* Pit DK IN 5 yet this ye shall not eat. 

h^N *Q ilK 6 whom shall I send? 

3. *1^ 7O ilK D*")!"?^*) 7 awd we destroyed every city. 

DHHK D*jY?K ilN DillD^l 8 a»<^ ?/e sAa?Z sen;e o^Aer p'octa 
D*"li^nD 1I1K nN flp 9 take one of the servants. 

4. nDI HEW fW 1N B»N MX TIP TO OV° and if an ox gore a 
man or a woman, that they die. 

5. vK *"0"]D DN ^Dfc^NI 11 «^^ I heard him who spake unto me. 

6. fY"^ JIN £^in ptITI 12 and the carpenter encouraged the smith. 
*"0*1 £"|^* nN niy? 13 to sustain with words him that is weary. 

7. D'DVI AJD£> ilN /ON* D^D U unleavened bread shall be eaten 
the seven days. [nights. 
'*7H D^JWTK JW) DVH DUWW DN 15 *Ae/orty da?/* and forty 
T^H ^N '* nO nNV 6 «?^ /am ^ to *Ae Aowse o/ Z. 

8. V/JH nK rivH 17 Ae was diseased in his feet. [foreskin. 
in /\1? *1550 ilK l/DM^ 18 w* Azs freiVia circumcised in the flesh of his 

9. V?£r mro vsjin ■?» vrroo to nr^ c«/<w) «?? a« 

fugitives in all his bands {they) shall fall by the sword. 

*yn >£ok rf?*t to nK ck ^. . -iton* «^ «»««/«« **,«» 

men, aZZ £Aese me?i o/ valor. [have pierced. 

10. Vlpl ^)t^K nK * /*N ItOOHl 21 «w^ they will look unto me whom they 
D*DH nfl5¥ nNI *"|toi7 n^(l *K 22 wAere ^s the king's spear and 
the cruse of water ? [Esau. 

11. y HD"! ilK npD^l 1 ? IJH 23 <wkZ were foZo* to Rebekah the words of 
~Din nK T^^O JTV ^N 24 ?e£ not the thing be evil in thine eyes. 



i Gen. 4:1. 


7Deut.2:34. 


islsa. 50:4. 


is Ezek. 17:21. 


2 Gen. 1:4. 


8Jer.l6:13. 


14 Ex. 13:7. • 


20 Judg. 20:44. 


3 Gen. 2:24. 


9 1 Sam. 9:3. 


isDeut.9:25. 


21 Zech. 12:10. 


4 Gen. 9:24. 


io Ex. 21:28. 


16 Judg. 19:18. 


221 Sam. 26:16 


s Lev. 11:4. 


xiEzek.2:2. 


17 lKgs. 15:23. 


23 Gen. 27:42. 


elsa.6:8. 


i2lsa.41:7. 


is Gen. 17:25. 


24 3 Sam. 11:25. 



100 HEBREW SYNTAX [g 34. 

1. The sign JIN is prefixed to substantives 01 in the accusative, espe- 
cially when they precede the verb ; but only when they are definite, 6 and 
rather before the names of persons 6 than the names of things^ Besides 
the general usage, the particle is employed, 

2. With 1£>K , fit , and *£ , but never with ftD . 

3. With ^3 > *lfl^ ) IflK ? which partake somewhat of the nature 
and usage of pronouns. 6 ' 

4. With a singular noun (without the article), when it represents a 
whole species/ 

5. With a participle (without the article) in the sense of he who.Q 

6. With a noun from which in poetry (3 5. 4) the article has been 
omitted. 

7. With some expressions of time and placed (§ 33, 1-3). 

8. With the adverbial accusative of specification [l 33. S). n 

9. With expressions in which there is a transition to something new, 
or when something not thought of before is added.* 

10. With what is strictly speaking an oblique case, or after *) f with a 
circumstantial clause, or with what is meant to be less distinct or inde- 
pendent. 7 * 

11. With the subject of passive verbs and of verbs which are neuter or 
intransitive. 

REMARKS. 

(a) For its use with pronominal suffixes, see § 11. 2. b. 

(b) Whether definite in themselves, or by position, see § 4. 1, 2. The cases in which 
fltf occurs with an indefinite noun are few, e. g., Ex. 2:1; 21:28; 2 Sam. 18:18; and these 
cases are suspicious. 

(c) Yet here omitted frequently, especially in poetry; cf. Ex. 15 and Judg. 5. 

(d) When the object is double it is sometimes expressed with both, sometimes with 
one; and at other times it is omitted, e. g., 1 Sam. 17:36; Gen. 2:19; Deut. 12:6; 14:12-18; 
Num. 12:5. 

(e) Also with other numerals accompanied by nouns, e. g., 2 Sam. 15:16; 1 Kgs. 
6:16. 

(/) Compare Lev. 7:8; 20:14. 
(g) This usage is very rare. 

(h) Compare the use of fltf with the nominative absolute (§ 7. 5). 
(i) Compare with this the later use of 7 . 

(3) Compare the use of the accusative in Arabic after wa in the sense of together 
with. 

(k) Note the usage of flK in Zech. 8:17 and Deut. 11:2. 

REFERENCES FOR STUDY. 

Gen.7:23;17:5 11. Gen. 33:18 7. 

Gen. 8:21 3. Ex. 10: 8 11. 

Gen.l8:19 2. Lev. 7:8;20:14 4. 



II 35, 36.] BY AN INDUCTIVE METHOD. 101 

Num.l6:15 3. 2Sam.21:22 9. 

Deut.2:34 3. 1 Kgs. 11:25 10. 

Deut.l2:22 11. lKgs.22:27 2. 

Josh. 22:17 11. 2 Kgs. 6:5 10. 

lSam.l6:3 2. Ezek. 14:22;44:3 9. 

1 Sam. 17: 34; 26:16 10. Ezek. 43:17 10. 

1 Sam. 20:13 11. Mic.6:l 2. 

lSam.26:20 3. Jobl3:25 6. 

2 Sam. 5:24 (of. also 1 Sam. 24:6) 6. 

35. The Accusative with the Passive. 

1. r*)K>7 DK p^H n the land shall be divided. [Esau. 
Mtfty ^yi ilN Hp^l /* I^n 2 an d were told to Rebekah the words of 
liy fiK yiltil "frVI 3 <™d Irad was born to Enoch. 

2. jrOn ilN MfcOH 4 & shall be shown to the priest. 
*)7^^j""| ^")|"T 5 ye shall be made to devour the sword. 

*mp7D pDlO ^1^7 6 my tongue is made to attach itself to my jaws. 

3. *jV7£D3 niKII^ 7 I have been fearfully distinguished. 
HDIIil |^DOn 8 impoverished of an oblation. 

4. OflN r^lNH N7DD1 9 and the earth was filled with them. 
D*1JG D*£O70 10 clothed with garments. 

The accusative is used with the passive as follows : 

1. That which was the object of the active is often construed also as 
an object of the passive, though really a subject. 

2. Yerbs which in the active take two accusatives, in the pass, take one. 

3. An adverbial accusative may remain with the passive. 

4. Yerbs of fullness and clothing may take in the passive an accusative. 

REFERENCES FOR STUDY. 

Ex. 10:8; 21:28; 25:28; 27:7 1. Jer. 35:14 1. 

lKgs.2:21 1. Ps.80:ll 2. 



Jer.22:19 3. Job 7:3 

36. Verbal Apposition and Subordination. 

1- V/\ &0 7frOr7 1:L oe pleased now and lodge. 
^l^fTI Dl^*) 12 ana * he returned and digged. 
nt^K flp^ £"ID*1 13 o:nd he added and took a wife. 



i Num. 26 : 55. 


sisa. 1:20. 


s Is. 40:20. 


ujudg. 19:6. 


2 Gen. 27:42. 


6 Ps. 22:16. 


9 Ex. 1:7. 


12 Gen. 26:18. 


3 Gen. 4:18. 


7 Ps. 139:14. 


iol Kgs. 22:10. 


13 Gen. 25:1. 


* Lev. 13: 49 









102 HEBREW SYNTAX [g 36. 

p?H1 ^l^in *"l510"7 *7lp ^iTl 1 «^ ^ sowweZ 0/ $e trumpet was 

going and becoming strong. 

1fcO*1 110?* ffiu? 2 that they may learn and fear. 

2. fc^l /tin 3 begin, take possession. 

ffl\&? 1> ^l^* 4 he will return, will sharpen [= will again sharpen). 
Y)'y m \D *Q1j"l 5 ye do much, ye speak (= ye speak much). 
*1*7i7 ^Nlil 6 ^ e ™ as willing, he went [= he went willingly). 

3. a. "ll/fl *Oft J$7 7 ^y would not go. 

°' 1HK N36P 11^ 1£DV*) 8 an d t^ey added still to hate him. 
c. K^D 7 mnD 9 thou hast hastened to find [found quickly). 
y v>flfijT7 nn^*nn 10 S ^ G did much to pray [prayed much). 

4. |"O0N 'fi^f ^7 n I know not to flatter. 
7**Til* fiDfT 12 ^ e desired to make great. 
/20p* (l^TH Dip* 13 ^ e murderer rises to kill. 

5. 1*112^ "JQVinD 1 * when thou shalt finish to destroy. 
\^yO J^T 15 one who knows how to play. 

When one verbal form is employed to define the idea expressed by 
another, whether indicating some attendant circumstance or character- 
istic, or describing what grows immediately out of the first, the following 
constructions are found : 

1. Both verbs are finite, the second being joined to the first by ^ 
(either conjunctive or consecutive) ; here both verbs may be Imperatives, 
the first a Perfect and the second an Imperfect with Waw Consecutive, 
or the first an Imperfect and the second a Perfect with "Waw Cons.° 

2. Both verbs are finite, there being no connective ; a » c this is more 
common in poetry. 

3. The first verb is a finite form, and the second an Infinitive, either 
(1) Inf. abs., or (2) Inf. cons, without ^ , or (3) Inf. cons, with ^P 

4. Both verbs are finite, the second being brought into direct subor- 
dination to the first by being placed in the Imperfect [subjunctive) ; this 
is rare and late. d 

5. The second verb may be a Participle and thus describe the circum- 
stances "more vividly than would either the (subjunctive) Imperfect, or 
the Infinitive."* 



i Ex. 19:19. 


51 Sam. 2:3. 


9 Gen. 27: 20. 


is Job 24:14. 


2Deut. 31:12. 


6Hos. 5:11. 


io 1 Sam. 1 : 12. 


14 Isa. 33:1. 


sDeut. 2:24. 


visa. 42: 24. 


n Job 32: 22. 


i5l Sam. 16:16. 


4 Ps. 7:13. 


s Gen. 37: 5. 


12 Isa. 42:21. 





I 36.] BY AH INDUCTIVE METHOD. 103 

REMARKS. 

(a) In this case the second verb agrees with the first in gender, and number, and 
generally in tense, 

(b) On this use of the Infinitive absolute and construct, cf . §§ 28, 29. 

(c) In the passages cited, the first verb qualifies the second; in Isa. 53:11 }?2W TWV 
he shall see satisfyingly, and Jer. 4:5 lN^D 1K"lp call ye with full voice, the second quali- 
fies the first. 

(d) Examine Num. 22:6 and Isa. 47:1, in which there is an interesting change of 
number and person, with which this construction is closely connected. 

(e) In 1 Sam. 3: 2 an adjective is used instead of a Participle. 

REFERENCES FOR STUDY. 

Gen. 2:3; 11: 8 3c. Jer. 3:3 3b. 

Gen. 30:31 2. Jer. 9:4 3a. 

Gen. 45: 9 1. Jer. 22:30 5. 

Ex. 18: 23 3b. Hos.2:ll 1. 

Num. 22:6 4. Hos.l:6;9:9 2. 

Deut.l:5 2. Joel 2:20,21 3c. 

Deut.2:16;3:24 3c. Jon. 4:2 3c. 

Deut. 2:25,31 3b. Mic. 6:13 3b. 

Josh. 3:16; 5: 2 2. Zech. 8:15 2. 

Josh. 7: 7 1. Ps. 127:2 5. 

1 Sam. 20:19 2. Prov. 15:21 3b. 

2 Kgs. 1:11,13.... 1. Job 19:3; 20:19 2. 

Isa. 1:14 3b. Job. 23: 3 1. 

Isa. 1:17; 7:15; 57:20 3a. Lam. 4:14 4. 

Isa. 6:13 1. IChr. 13:2 2. 

Isa. 29:15.....* 3c. 2Chr.26:15 3c. 

Isa. 47:1 4. 



TV. The Sentence. 

37. The Subject and Predicate. 

!• DJ/n JD IK^ 1 some of the people went out. 
Qtfn JO *?£) tiy^H 2 much of the people fell 
Di"Vr72^£D ^J^n 3 behold, I am about to destroy them. 

2. a. D**U^ VlDK* tN 4 then they said among the nations. 

*lf? *)£Op* *£)*DVl K/ 5 th° u shalt no longer be called, 
b. 7^^ HDt^ £Op ID 7^ 6 therefore they called its name Babel. 

D^lpDD ti^lin^ DK 7 when one ploughs in the morning. 

V7K 10K1 8 and one shall say unto him. 
& 7fijn /£* 9 anyone who falls. 

/?il!r\f2tl //tirV 10 let him that glorieth glory. 
d> *"{KD *7j/ n as far as thy coming = until one comes. 

TV\Tv? r\&&% ta ]D"") ( J^ 12 *» tfAwie estimating persons unto Y. 

3. a. *7 |T)^ 13 $ tci7Z &e quiet for me {= I will feel quiet). 

1£3pD 14 *"$ * s scattered as incense (= incense is offered), 
b. rrD^n 15 ^ ^ as become darh ; *V£0Dn 16 ^ 'rains. 
7K1££^7 IVDI 17 aw^ # wow s£ra# w;^7i Israel. 

In reference to the subject of a sentence, it may be noted that, 

1. Aside from the noun, adjective and pronoun which may serve as 
subject, prepositional phrases, adverbs and pronominal suffixes (joined to 
particles) also perform this service. 

2. When the subject is indefinite (Grerman man, French on, Eng. they) 
various constructions are employed, viz. : a 

a. The verb in the third person pluralP 

bo The verb in the third person singular, in giving names, when the 
subject may be gathered from the nature of the verb, or from the context. 



i Ex. 16:27. 


6 Gen. 11:9. 


ioJer. 9:23. 


14 Mai. 1:11. 


2 2 Sam. 1:4. 


? Amos 6:12. 


ii Gen. 13:10. 


isMic. 3:6. 


s Gen. 6:13. 


sZecti. 13:6. 


12 Lev. 27:2,3. 


16 Amos 4:7. 


4 Ps. 126:2. 


9Deut.22:8. 


is Job 3:13. 


"Judg.l0:9. 


clsa. 47:1. 









I 37.] BY AN INDUCTIVE METHOD. 105 

c. The verb with a Participle of the same for subject. 

d. The pronoun of the second person singular, in the formula 
^TfrO Ity 1 an d in legal phraseology. 

3. When the subject is impersonal (where in English we use it) there 
is employed, 

a. The verb (or participle) in the third singular, and when active, 
generally masculine ; when passive, always masculine ; but 

b. The verb in the third singular feminine in description of mate- 
rial phenomena, and also elsewhere. 

4. a. Jlin^ p*"!^ 1 Yahweh is righteous. 

p*"l¥n i"7liT 2 Yahweh is the righteous one. 
b- nOK '* *D5S^£D 3 the judgments of Y. are truth [— true). 

D^V * m \ 1> y , ^ 4: thine eyes are doves (■== like doves' eyes). 
c. 1XDD 0*D£O 5 ^** throne is in heaven. 

DDOK D1/JJT7 6 2 ' s your father in health ? 

D*QJffl *?DD tOyDH DDN 7 ye are the least of all the peoples. 

4. Aside from a verb, the predicate may be, 

a. An adjective, which is undefined, unless it is desired for special 
reason to prefix the article. 

b. A noun, a construction frequently employed because of the want 
of adjectives. 

c. A prepositional phrase, adverbial accusative, or adverb. 

5. a. DVH *l*¥p 8 harvest [is) to-day; '* p^lS 9 Y. [is) righteous. 

b. t&bXl NIPT Dill 10 the blood is the soul; JDpfi tflil TH 11 &• 'was 
(or is) the youngest; JT?£$ tlt^Tl tlf2 12 what are these f (cf. Zech.4:4). 

arhtxn *orr rrm 13 ^ an God. 

c. T*1^ T*1Nl!3 iTfl fc2^N 14 ^ere was [lived) a man in the land of Uss. 
Dll^ iTn ^n^n*) 15 <mk2 ^e serpent had become subtle. 

d. \X\pr\ W 1Q there is hope; "lilK t^ n7 it is with thee. 
C|DV TN 18 no Joseph; K"0 ?*K pil 19 straw is not given. 
*3Jn 20 6eMd me; ^HiO fttH 21 ^ « *» ^ e * ew *- 



IPs. 11:7. 


i Deut. 7:7. 


isZech. 4:5. 


"Pro v. 3:28. 


2 Ex. 9: 27. 


8 1 Sam. 12:17. 


is 2 Sam. 7: 28. 


is Gen. 37: 29. 


3 Ps. 19:10. 


sPs.ll:7. 


14 Job 1:1. 


is Ex. 5:16. 


4 Cant. 1:15. 


io Deut. 12:23. 


is Gen. 3:1. 


20 1 Sam. 3:4. 


5Ps.ll:4. 


in Sam. 17: 14. 


is Job 11: 18. 


2i Gen. 18:9. 


e Gen. 43: 37. 









106 HEBREW SYNTAX [g 37. 

5. The subject and predicate may be united in various ways : 

a. They may stand together, with no connecting word of any kind. 6 

b. They may be joined by means of the pronoun of the third pers. ; 
whether the circumstance is one of past or present time, and whether the 
subject is first, second or third person. At first expressing existence only 
in the most general way, it comes to be equivalent to our verb to be, and 
is especially used when both subject and predicate are definite.^ Cf. 
§ 7. 6, 7. 

c. The verb |7*il ma Y be employed ; but this always expresses the 
idea of becoming, existing, and is therefore never identical with the sub- 
stantive verb to be.f 

d. Certain particles, viz., ffl existence, ?*$$ non-existence, H^H 8ee -> 
behold, are employed. These were originally nouns, but in usage have 
come to be practically equivalent to our copula. 

REMARKS. 

(a) On the use of B^X , *12"1 , ID to express the indefinite subject, § 14. 2. 6. 

(6) A paraphrastic mode of expression to express the same force as that conveyed 
by the third person plural is seen in the use of the passive, with which the accusative 
is joined, e. g., "jHXn fitf jJT = let them give the land; cf. Gen. 17:5; 27:42; Amos 4:2, 
etc. (§ 35. 1). 

(c) "An external sign for connecting- the two main constituents of a proposition, 
when the predicate is not to be a verb— in other words, a copida— is really unneces- 
sary; because the mode in which the discourse is delivered by the living voice is of 
itself sufficient to indicate the separation, in meaning, between the two different 
halves of the sentence; and, in Hebrew, a special word for this purpose is, in actual 
fact, very rarely used. The Indo-Germanic languages begin pretty early to use the 
verb to be for this sign, when the predicate did not consist of a more complete verb, 
and thus the substantive verb came to be the mere copula in a sentence, whereas 
the Semitic languages properly do not yet know of any such usage, and have, in this 
respect also, remained much more simple."* 

(d) But also in later Hebrew frequently when the subject is indefinite. 

(e) Cf. the use of K1H in Nah. 2:9; Isa. 18:2,7. 

(/) Cf. the use of HTI $h = he is not. Gen. 42:11; Isa. 15:6; 23:13. 
(g) For an interesting use of *]2n to turn and D2D become, see Lev. 13:3,4; Jer. 
31:31. 

REFERENCES FOR STUDY. 

Gen. 11:1 46. Deut. 33:25 4b. 

Gen. 15:1 4c. 1 Sam. 16:23 3a. 

Gen. 18:9 M. 1 Sam. 19:22 5d. 

Ex. 9:31 46. 1 Sam. 19:22. 26. 

Deut. 4:32 1 1 Sam. 21:6 46. 

Deut. 7:7 4c. 2 Sam. 7:28 c6. 



* Ewald, Hebrew Syntax, pp. 134,135. 



I 38.] BY AN INDUCTIVE METHOD. 107 

lKgs. 14:10; 18:26 2b. Zech. 6:13 3a. 

Isa.6:10 2b. Ps. 44:5 5b. 

Isa.7:24 4b. Ps. 45:7 4b. 

Isa. 8:4 2b. Ps.87:3 3a. 

Isa. 23:1 3a. Ps. 148:6 2b. 

Jer. 13:16 3a. Prov.3:28 5d. 



43:19-27 2d. Prov. 8:14 4c. 

Mic. 2:4,8 2b. Job 8:9 4c. 

Nah.l:14 1 Job 11:18 6d. 

Zeph.2:12 5b. Job 34:20 2a. 

Hag. 1:6.... 3a. Ruth 1:12 5d. 

Hag. 2:3 1 

38. Order of Words in a Sentence 

1. a. D'BETT DK D\*Y?K Nil 1 God created the heaven. 

nCNH /N ttftl^tl *"1DN*1 2 °^ *7ie serpent said unto the woman, 
b- HftC /IIJH nnK /IIJl 3 fi'Peatf thou art and great is thy name. 

D*rf?N Nlil "f ff?K mn H Fa^eA, % GW, u God. 
c. ^ ?"0Jf ffliTI 5 seeing that Y. hath testified against me. 

D*D2JO )f*yO l^JOl 6 and the top [was) reaching to heaven. 

2. a. D*D£T7 DX 'N frO^ 1 #0^ created the heaven. [name. 

b. *Ot^ *Oy DK in^t^n 7 ^e?/ 7iat;e caused my people to forget my 

c. riD2 rn&ty \? ItW 8 l will give thee ten pieces of silver. 
WrhX DHN yiyV and God blessed them. 

1. The usual order of words, so far as concerns the two principal 
members, is as follows : 

a. Predicate, subject, when the predicate is a verb. 0, 

b. Predicate, subject, when the predicate is an adjective] 11 but sub- 
ject, predicate, when the predicate is a noun. 

c. Subject, predicate, in what are called descriptive or circumstan- 
tial clauses.* 2 

2. a. The usual order of words, so far as concerns the three principal 
members, is predicate, subject, object (direct or indirect) f and 

b. If there are two objects, that one comes first which is the more 
important; but 

c. When the object (direct or indirect) is a pronoun, it is likely im- 
mediately to follow the predicate/ 



i Gen. 1:1. *Deut.4:35. 6 Gen. 28:12. 8judg.l7:10. 

2 Gen. 3: 4. 5 Ruth 1:21. 7 Jer. 23:27. » Gen. 1:22. 

3 Jer. 10: 6. 



108 HEBREW SYNTAX [| 38. 

REMARKS. 

(a) In Hebrew, the act was more important than the agent, and was consequently 
placed first. 

(b) Compare the position of the adjective when attributive, viz., after the noun 
(§ 10. 2. a.). 

(c) This order, which is always followed when neither subject nor predicate is to be 
emphasized, indicates at once which is subject and which is predicate. 

(d) "By putting 1 the subject first, and the predicate afterwards, the action, its 
development, and its progress do not come into the foreground, as in ordinary narra- 
tive discourse; but the person is placed first, by himself , in order to be immediately 
thereafter more fully described and depicted as he is; and the whole proposition, in a 
manner quite the opposite of the usual narrative style, presents us with a harmonious 
and placid picture of something continuous, permanent, — just as the speaker con- 
ceives it."* 

(e) Furthermore it may be said, additions in the form of an adjective, genitive or 
adverb follow the particular word which they modify. There are, of course special 
rules for the Infinitive absolute (§ 28.) and negatives (§ 37.). 

(/) There is a growing tendency to insert small words and expressions between the 
more important members, e. g., r»KT Ex. 14:5; 1KD Jer. 18:13; l 1 ? Ps. 7:14; WT) Job 1:1. 

3. a, *)DN V? (l^yri f Dp ^ftV and a UttIe rohe h{s mother made for 
him. 

D^Dn f?3N> TJD '**7 fiOn 2 Mm that dieth of J. in the city 
shall the dogs eat. 
o. t^pDD *D3K *1"TK 3 my brethren I am seeking. [thing. 

y 1 ?^ "D*7 'JH ^HJI *"D1 4 had the prophet bid thee {do) a great 

c. ^DfiJTl W*"D <*7ilNl 5 an d thou my covenant shalt keep. 
Jf")^* fnnfl ("Tin**) 6 ^ w ^ ^ a V bare their secret parts. 

d. filDH rf?Nn Pt?Hil ^DDV an d the priest shall ivrite these curses. 
"pin D*£0 n^DS^ 8 thy sword has made women childless. 

3. From the usual order (see above), there are sometimes found vari- 
ations, e. g., 

a. Object, predicate, subject, which emphasizes the object. 

b. Object, subject, predicate, which likewise emphasizes the object ; 
this is the usual construction when the predicate is a participle, but 
elsewhere rare. 

c. Subject, object, predicate, which emphasizes the subject, and "in 
prose confers upon the phrase a poetical coloring by transferring the 
predicate to the end." 

il Sam. 2:19. » Gen. 37:16. s Gen. 17:9. » Num. 5:23. 

2lKgs. 14:11. 4 2Kgs. 5:13. 6 Isa. 3:17. si Sam. 15:33. 

* EwcM, Hebrew Syntax, pp. 152, 153. 



1 Sam. 20 : 20 


3c. 


1 Sam. 25:14 


2a. 


2 Sam. 3 :26 


lc. 


Isa. 5:17; 28 :17b 


3b. 


Isa. 13:18; 17:5; 26:19; 30:24 

Isa. 18 :5 


3c. 

lb. 


Isa. 19 :13 


...... 3d. 


Jer.9:19 

Ps.51:5 


2b, 

3b. 


Job 6:12 


„lb. 



I 39.] BY AN INDUCTIVE METHOD. 109 

d. Predicate, object, subject, which emphasizes the subject ; this is 
rare except when the object is a pronominal suffix (see I 38. 2. c). 

REFERENCES FOR STUDY. 

Gen. 1:12 la. 

Gen. 1:28 2c. 

Gen. 2 :10 lc. 

Gen. 21:7 3d. 

Gen. 23:6 3c. 

Gen. 42:30. 2a. 

Num.5:23 3d. 

Judg. 9:36; 14:4... 3b. 

Judg. 12:11,13 ....3d. 

Judg. 17:6 3c. 

Judg. 17:10 2c. 

1 Sam. 7:14; 15:1; 17:36; 25:43; 28:18,19.. ,3a. 

89. Emphasis. 

1- *pjf TVTP rhn*1 ^fi 1 go, and Yahweh be with thee. 
*1"0^ POM **"lNn ilX 2 the ^ on thy servant smote. 
112^ ^n *Dl7l"Q 3 W* m y dream, behold, I stood. 

2. a. lilK ")^yn DJfil /IK 4 the people, he made them to pass over. 

b. inpiD^I DD7DK DVD 5 i n the day of your eating, then shall be, etc.. 

c. XIH DJT "T7fll It5^l7*fl1 6 an d his concubine, she also bare. 

3. *T*?*n HK IJlKini 7 oind she saw him, the boy. 

'W ^3*7 Dll 1 ? \T\1 *3^ 8 /flrwc *o fAem, tfie children of Israel. 

4. a. *^N pi nt0/ON1 9 and I only am escaped. [own enemies. 
b. ^K *D 10 ^ me / Kin DJl VfiU 11 * % W« mouth also ; ^ OW 2 mzW 

5. a. ^|1")jl pIV p"T^ 13 ^a* which is altogether righteous thou shalt, etc.. 

^JDtP THK pK p)N 14 O earth, earth, earth, hear, 
b. yVlNO n^pK IsJp »3 K^ 15 nay, but I will buy from thee. 
DHDBTl HK Wpfl DpH 16 ^2/ ^ hut just set the watch. 
<m ^ht2T\ II^Dn 17 «*7f £/iow actually reign ? 
NW $W VHQN 18 I thought he will certainly go out. 

6. *On Dill 19 ^e Mood te?/; Kill ^1K 20 ^e Lord himself. 

7. ^I^ I 1 ? 21 get thee; I7 D^ 22 ^ e betook himself to flight. 



il Sam. 17:37. 


7 Ex. 2: 6. 


13 Deut. 16:20. 


i8 2Kgs.5:ll 


21 Sam. 17:36. 


s Josh. 1:2. 


ujer. 22:29. 


19 Lev. 17:11. 


3 Gen. 41:17. 


9 Job 1:15. 


is 2 Sam. 24:24. 


20 Isa. 7:14. 


* Gen. 47:21. 


10I Sam. 25:24. 


16 Judg. 7:19. 


21 Gen. 12:1. 


5 Gen. 3:5. 


11 2 Sam. 17:5. 


17 Gen. 37:8. 


22 Isa. 31:8. 


6 Gen. 22: 24. 


12 Ps. 27:2, 







110 HEBREW SYNTAX [g 39. 

The language has various methods of marking emphasis, some of 
which have already been treated in other connections. The more im- 
portant may be grouped as follows : 

1. The word to be emphasized is placed, out of the usual order, at the 
head of its clause [l 38. 3). 

2. The word or phrase is placed independently at the beginning, 
without grammatical connection with what follows, and is afterwards 
resumed 

a. By a pronoun or another noun. a 

b. By Waw, either conjunctive (rare) or consecutive (with Perfect 
or Imperfect).** 

c. By both Waw and a pronoun. 

3. The idea is expressed first by a pronoun and then by a noun. c 

4. When a pronoun is to be emphasized, it is repeated either in the 
form of a separate pronoun, or of a pronominal suffix.* 2 

5. a. The word, a noun, is simply repeated, sometimes twice. 6 '/ 

b. The word, a verb, is written twice ; once (generally first) in the 
form of the Infinitive absolute ; a usage (§ 28. 3) found in the expression 
of (1) antithetic, (2) restrictive, (3) emphatic interrogative, and (4) em- 
phatic declarative sentences. 

6. The word to be emphasized is followed by the pronoun JOil (not 
N1ilf7 = that, or the same), in the sense of avrdg, ipse. 

7. The use of the " ethical " dative marks the action as of special 
importance to the agent.0 

REMARKS. 

(a) See § 7. 1-4. 

(b) See § 25. 2. d. 

(c) This is rare and confined mostly to later writers. 

(d) See § 11. 1. a.; in later writers, however, this construction does not seem to he 
especially emphatic. 

(e) Note the repetition of series of words in Ex. 28:34; Num. 17:21; Hos. 8:11; Ezek. 
1:20,21; Isa.53:7; Zech. 12:12-14. 

(/) See also § 6. 3. a. * - 

(g) "This mode of expression indicates a special partition in the action by the 
agent or speaker, a certain earnestness or zeal with which he acts ; it occurs as an 
expression of heartiness more in the diffuse and easy-going popular style, both in 
poetry and unimpassioncd prose."* 

REFERENCES FOR STUDY. 

Gen. 2:17; 17:14 2a. Gen. 27: 37; 42:12 1. 

Gen. 14:10 : 5a. Gen. 40:9 2b. 

Gen. 27:34 4b. Ex. 12:42 6. 



* Ewald, Hebrew Syntax, 173. 



8 40.] BY AN INDUCTIVE METHOD. Ill 

Num. 14: 33 4. Hos.4:14 , ....6. 

Deut.21:7 1. Amos 7:12 7. 

Josh. 24:17 4a. Mic. 7:3 4. 

1 Sam. 4:20 2b. Hag. 1:4 4. 

2Sam.3:13 1. Ps. 50:6 6. 

2 Sam. 4:10; 14:10 2c. Prov. 3:34 6. 

lKgs. 15:13 2c. Prov. 10 : 22,24 2a. 

lKgs.21:19 4. Prov. 13: 24 3. 

Isa.6:3 5a. Job 6:19 7. 

Isa. 8:13,14 2a. Job 29:3 3. 

Isa.l7:6 3. Cant. 8:14 7. 

Jer. 2:31; 49:12 6. Eccl. 7:24 5a. 

Jer. 9:14; 27:8 3. 2 Chron. 25:10; 26:14 3. 

Ezek. 21:32 5a, 

40. Agreement of Number and Gender. 

1> Miy\ HID nn*n rn^n 1 the earth was a waste and an emptiness. 
DH&T* '* Hlpfl 2 the statutes of Y. are right. 

2. a. \TTr\y nflJlOn D£2* *nm 3 and the slaughter there was great. 

Dn^2£* *y*J? n^npfini 4 and the eyes of both of them were opened. 
01*12/2} D^^ Vn 5 the men were ashamed, 
b- njT") \7}f fcO 6 there comes upon thee evil. 
niD/0 JD* N/ 7 reproaches do not depart. 
*VtD£Jt^D IB^ 8 right are thy judgments. 
nt^n^On 1300 ptn 9 the war was too strong for him. 

3. n^JOn ty]) 10 ^y eyes shall see. 

1N70 D*01 D^*"!* 11 your hands are full of blood. 

The general principles of agreement may be reduced to three : 

1. When the subject precedes, the predicate agrees with it in gender 
and number. 0, 

2. When the predicate precedes, two constructions are possible : 

a. The predicate may agree with the subject in gender and 
number ; or, 

b. The predicate may assume the primary form, viz., third mascu- 
line singular, whatever be the number or gender of the following 
subject.** 

3. When the subject is dual, the predicate generally stands in the 
plural (though sometimes in the feminine singular.) 



i Gen. 1:2. 4 Gen. 3:7. 7 Mic. 2:6. io Mic. 7:10. 

2Ps. 19:9. 5 1 Chron. 19:5. sp s . 119:137. it Is. 1:15. 

3 2 Sam. 18 :7. 6 Is. 47 :11. 9 2 Kgs. 3 :26. 



112 HEBREW SYNTAX. [g 40. 

4. a. 0**1*0 r7*ni^/tD"lK nn?,!* 1 for palaces grow up with thorns, 

TTITiDD £1l02£T1 2 its floods wash away. 
XC\yr\ r71£^ niDnD 3 ^e foaste of the field pine. 
*3*T)J/J} t^innn 4 ^2/ youth is renewed. 
0. bXIW W& INTI 5 and the men of Israel saw. 

0**)¥p t^DJ^ i"VD 6 (wen) of Beth-shemesh were reaping. 
TV2ti?12 H^iOpfi *1D 7 ^Aen wars arise. 
D*D*0 T^Nil TO 8 the whole land was weeping. 

5. a D1fc$ *D* vl3 Vn*1 9 and all the days of Adam were. 

tnjftl /D KCJlV and all the congregation lifted up. 
0. D*pl*¥ "TH^ *D*7 ^Ip 11 hark! thy brothers blood crieth out. 

/")p 1K£0 *T£3^ ^Ip 12 ^«r&/ 2% watchers lift up the voice. 
c iTODfl *iy**T* D\3£^ ^"l 13 multitude of years shall teach wisdom. 

0*nn D^llUJl Ht^p 14 ^ie &ow 0/ £7ie strong is broken. 

/Dk^ D1K J"11f"OJl ^^ 15 ^e eyes of man's pride are cast down 
6» V^D*) !"0 KI^V 6 «wcZ jAere went in Noah and his sons. 

JIHKI D*1£D ^DinV 7 and there spoke Miriam and Aaron. 
Vyy\ /1K££* *IJ"ID 18 Saul and his sons died. [pursued. 

f|T) VHX ♦fc'W) 3KV1 19 «^^ Jbaft cmd j&ia&ai Mj fcro^Aer 
7. a ""p^O ^TD^'Oft 20 blessed be {every one of) those who bless thee, [death. 

r\t2V tlw/tlt2 21 (any one of) those who profane it shall be put to 

b rmn omp rui^ iitm j*n- ■ .nnw 22 m# e^em^, fee & ™ 

faithfulness in his mouth, their inward part [is) depths. 
*|7^P* D^llpDI "D"")^ V£^ 23 with his mouth they bless, but they 
curse inwardly. 
c - 17 plS^I D*"U7 01 Nt£0*) 24 and he will lift up his banner to the 
nations and will hiss to it. 

d. rvmy\ pp* vnoTn jrrcna...."i roo rw D*pN 25 / 

im'Z? raise «p ^ ie tabernacle (f.) 0/ David and close up their (f.) 
breaches, and his ruins I will raise up and I will build her. 



Us. 34:13. 


8 2 Sam. 15:23. 


is Is. 2:11. 


21 Exod. 31:14. 


2 Job 14:19. 


9 Gen. 5:5. 


16 Gen. 7:7. 


22 Ps. 5:9,10. 


8 Joel 1 :20. 


10 Num. 14:1. 


if Num. 12:1. 


23 Ps. 62:5. 


4 Ps. 103:5. 


n Gen. 4:10. 


is 1 Sam. 31 :7. 


24 Is. 5:26. 


« Jud. 9:55. 


12 Is. 52:8. 


19 2 Sam. 20:10. 


25 Amos. 9:11. 


el Sam. 6:13. 


13 Job 32 :T. 


20 Num. 24:9. 




7Exod. 1:10. 


14 1 Sam. 2:4. 







I 40.] BY AN INDUCTIVE METHOD. 113 

The exceptions to the general principles given above, arising from an 
adherence to the sense rather than the/o?'m, may be classified as follows : 

4. a. The predicate may he feminine singular when the subject, desig- 
nating lifeless objects, animals, members of the body, abstract ideas (see 
under I 2. 2. b, c.) is pluralA 

b. The predicate may be plural, when the subject is a collective 
noun, though singular. & 

5. When the subject is a nominative in the construct relation with a 
genitive, 

a. The predicate always agrees with the genitive, if the nominative is 
*?b all 

b. The predicate often agrees with the genitive, if the nominative 
is 7ip voice. 

c. The predicate in poetry may agree with the genitive whenever it 
is desired to lay upon it special emphasis. />0 

6. When the subject consists of two or more nouns joined by *) , 
whether preceding or following the predicate, the latter may agree with 
one and be understood with the other, or may be in the plural and thus 
agree with them taken together. 

7. There is frequently found change from one number to the other ; 
here belong 

a. Cases in which an individual subject is generalized or the oppo- 
site. 

b. Cases in which both individualizing and, later, generalizing take 
place. 

c. Cases in which, after speaking of a multitude, the writer suddenly 
limits himself to one of that number. 

d. Cases in which several changes take place in the same verse, 
which may only be explained by supposing a desire for variety, or by 
special considerations characteristic of that verse. 

REMARKS. 

(a) Cf., however, (1) Isa. 21:2; Gen. 35:26; Hos. 10:6; where what seems to be a 
subject, with which the predicate though following does not agree, is really an accu- 
sative with a passive verb; and (2) Gen. 4:7; Eccl. 2:7 (cf. 1 Kgs. 2:21), etc., in which 
the predicate, disagreeing with its subject, is a participle used as a substantive. 

(b) The adjective will then be singular masculine; though the number of instances 
in which the adjective follows this usage is not proportionately so great as in the case 
of the verb. 

(c) Cf. nDp V?y (1 Sam. 4:15). 

(d) Here the feminine is treated as neuter; cf. the Greek construction, according 
to which a neuter plural subject takes a singular predicate. 



114 



HEBREW SYNTAX 



[§40. 



(e) On the use of the plural of JHK , by 2 (Ex. 21:29), etc., see § 3. 2. c. 

(f) This is the principle everywhere operating when the nominative is a numeral 
(3 to 10, 100, 1000) in the construct. 

(gf) Cf. also the use of "in^Q in Ex. 15:4. 

REFERENCES FOR STUDY. 



Gen. 1:14; 41:50 2b. 

Gen. 3:5 3 

Gen.8:22; 15:1; 40:1 6 

Gen. 27:29 7a. 

Ex. 15:20 5a. 

Ex. 31:14 7a. 

Lev. 2:2 7c. 

Deut. 28:32 6 

Deut. 28:48 7c. 

Deut. 32:35 2b. 

Josh. 8:20 2b. 

Judg. 20:37 4b. 

1 Sam. 25:27 2b. 

2 Sam. 24:13 4a. 

lKgs. 1:41; 14:6 , 5b. 

lKgs. 22:36 2b. 

Isa. 23:2; 25:3; 60:5 4b. 

Isa. 23:13; 30:11; 10:5 U. 



Isa. 30:20 3 

Jer. 4:14; 12:4 4a. 

Jer. 8:5; 23:6 7d. 

Jer. 10:4 7a. 

Jer. 44:27 4b. 

Hos. 4:8.. 7a. 

Hos.9:14 3 

Mic.l:13 2b. 

Hag. 2:16 7a. 

Zech. 6:14 4a. 

Ps. 18:28 3 

Ps. 18:35 4a. 

Prov. 3:18 7a. 

Job 12:7 »..4a. 

Job 29:10 5b. 

Job 32:7; 15:20; 21:21 5c. 

Job 42:15 2b. 



V. Kinds of Sentences, 

41. Negative Sentences. 

1. a. (1) *0y V^K DW Jl5D* N 1 ?*) 1 osid she returned unto him no more. 

*Tiy *")KO 'jO fTtU* N7 2 all flesh shall not again he cut off. 

(2) 3^il N 1 ? nWl N^ 3 thou shalt do no murder. . .thou shalt 

not steal, 
o. >7" WW Vfry 7^ nt^ON ^N 4 let me not be ashamed, let not 
my enemies triumph over me. 
POHD *f7n frO /'N 5 pray, Ze* there be no strife. 
Iiy **?& ""Dl ^iDlil 7"K 6 specif to me no more. 
c ^[77^ iDtl* £n? 7 (** w) not Y. {but some one else that) sent me. 

2. a. HD¥* DID mt^il 30^ ^ 8 no herh of the field had yet, etc. 
b. INIOnn *i")7J7 9 w* oro'er £Aa£ ?/e may wo£ sw&. 

c MNI^ JDK TN 10 ^0 s£o?ie was seew. 

d. y) nUil * TO /J^ 11 because he did not make known to him. 

e. ty\ty 7^ D /1y7 p**"T^ 12 ^6 righteous shall never be removed. 
r)%?}f2 /Q "& DC^IN 13 ^e desire of his life thou hast not withheld. 
riK WV1 IDp* 7D 14 ^«* they may not rise and possess the land. 

f D5N ViT JT"^ /Dl 15 and all her princes were no more. 
1. The most commonly used negatives are ^ and ^X : 

a. £$7^ is the objective, unconditional negative (= ov, ova), and is used, 

(1) with the Perf. and Impf. (Indicative) in ordinary declarative 
sentences \ a 

(2) with the Imperfect in prohibitory sentences. 

b. 7^ is the subjective, dependent negative, and is used with the 
Imperfect (Jussive), to express dissuasion, deprecation.^ 

c. The position of ^7" and 7^ is immediately before the predicate ; 
but they may stand also before another word when that particular word is 
to be specially emphasized. '^ 



1 Gen. 8:13. 


5 Gen. 13:8. 


9 Ex. 20:20. 


is Ps. 21:3. 


2 Gen. 9:11. 


eDeut. 3:26. 


iolKgs. 6:18. 


14 Isa. 14:21. 


3 Ex. 20:14. 


1 Num. 16:29. 


11 Gen. 31:20. 


is Isa. 34:12. 


4Ps.25:3. 


s Gen. 2:5. 


12 Prov. 10:30. 





116 • HEBREW SYNTAX [g 41. 

2. With the Perfect and Imperfect there are found, besides K^ and 
*?K , also the following negatives : 

a. D1C0 not yet, sometimes with the Perfect, but more often with 
the Imperfect in a past sense (cf. § 20. 1. b). 

&• ^737 6 w* orcfer ^<x£ noi, very rare, and with an ellipsis of 

c. |*fr$ nothing, there is not ; with this negative the verbal form is 
generally a Participle {I 45. 3) ; but rarely a finite form is found. 

d. v5 e not (cf . VTO)i generally after a preposition, but in poetry 
also alone in the sense of &7 . 

e. *?5 noti > shorter form of *7^ , found only in poetry, and not dif- 
ferent from £$/ . 

/• D§K no more ; like pfc$ , originally a noun ; its more common use 
is to indicate restriction, limitation. 



3. yt2W IJ^K 1 he is not hearing; JfiJ ^W I do not 
fiOIKD *M HN n*rf *VTpn DO ")B> pK 3 ^e keeper of theprison 
looked not to anything. 

7 A3 PK J^i~l 4 straw is not given. 

4. a. *1*)D VV/O/1 Iftt^ 7 5 ^ keep. . .and not to turn aside, [eat from it. 

UDD bSX ^rto 1 ? ytVW H&W 6 m?W I commanded thee not to 
°- ^^nti"? "V^^ f^ 7 ^ ^ s not possible to stand before thee. 

*]**?&$ *1*"U^ PN 8 ^ere is no comparing unto thee. 
o. niK*") KTO 9 without seeing. 
d. 13J/D 10 that they go not over ; DlfrOD 11 that he could not see. 

5. a. Q^n £\?1 /HJJ D^ 12 a people foolish and unwise. 

D*iY?K $h lz a no-god; W K 1 ? 14 « ^o-w;oo^. 
&• *")0DD TNI Dl'i*^ 15 strong and without number. 

GJ^jtf Ptf 16 ^Aere ?s wo mem a£ a??; £"|DV PN 17 Joseph is gone. 

p*""ll£ pfc$ D*l^ 18 no man whatever is just, 
c. n^D *iT/0 DDD 19 chastisement without ceasing. [of Gideon. 

piHJ Din DN VVjO DKt PN 20 #w w »o o^Aer than the sword 



Uer.7:16. 


8Ps. 40:6. 


14 Isa. 10:15. 


2 Ex. 5:10. 


9 Num. 35:23. 


15 Joel 1:6. 


s Gen. 39:23. 


. io Num. 32:7. 


16 Gen. 31:50. 


4 Ex. 5:16. 


u Gen. 27:1. 


it Geu. 37:29. 


sDeut. 17:19,20. 


i2Deut. 32:6. 


isEccI. 7:20. 


e Gen. 3:11. 


13 Deut. 32:21. 


19 Is. 14:6. 


7 2Chron.20:6. 




2oJudg.7:14. 



§ 41.] BY AN INDUCTIVE METHOD. 117 

d. Q*£ ^^ *)HN flJlS^* 1 ccm ^ie reed-grass grow without water f 
*1JD 2 50 as ?l0 ^ ^° oe a nation; \?t2t2 3 so as n °t t° oe king. 

3. "With the participle V>i^ is used almost exclusively ; this is in 
accordance with the original use of |*fc$ as a negative of substantives (see 

5. below), and with the nominal nature of Vtf itself, which is never lost. 
This combination furnishes the prevailing form for expressing a negative 
present, though not of course restricted to this use/ 

4. With the infinitive there are found, 

a - TO^l with the preposition *p , the usual negative of the Inf. 
b. 7 PN and Pjtf , but only in late writers. 
c N/3 without, with the force of a preposition. 
d. \f2 from, so as not, lest, after verbs which imply restraint, hin- 
drance, etc. 

5. With nouns there are found, 

a ' is? ? which gives an opposite meaning, like un-, in-, im-; this 
usage occurs in the case of substantives as well as of adjectives. 
b. PN (cf. 3. above), equivalent- to without, or un-, in-, im-. 
c- *]1 7$ = K /5 ? without, except. 

d. *w^ without, un-, in-. 

e. VQ so as not to be, the Inf. fiVfT Wng supplied in thought. 

6. HD1XD7 Hl^rO is? £"|DD PN 4 silver -was not at all regarded for 
anything (cf. ch. 9:20). 

Dt£** PN£D 5 without (= so £7ia£ ^7iere ^s) wo inhabitant. 

/fcOfc^D 'K P£$ V^DH 6 w & because there is no god in Israel ? 

7. tO!"T flp* iniD^ is? 7 he will take nothing in his death. 

tl\tl DVD &^*K ilDV N 1 ? 8 ^o man shall be put to death this day. 

8. \)r\5? £*W *Qin 7N 9 multiply not let no arrogance go forth. 

1DNJ1 l"DC5^ H^7 is? 10 n °t forever shall be forgotten shall 

perish. 

6. More than one negative is sometimes employed in order to intensify 
the negative. This occurs chiefly in the case of VQ with Pfr$ or *^Q , 
and seldom with the more common negatives. 

7. To express nothing, no one, the negative is combined with ^ or 
B*8 .» (2 14. 2. A) 



i Job 8:12. 4lKgs. 10:21. i Ps. 49:18. 9 1 Sam. 2:3. 

2Jer. 48:2. e Isa. 5:9. s l Sam. 11:13. loPs. 9:19. 

s 1 Sam. 15 :23. 6 2 Kgs. 1 :3. 



118 



HEBREW SYNTAX 



[3 41. 



8. In the case of two successive negative sentences, especially when, 
as in poetry, they are parallel, the negative may be omitted from the 
second, the influence of the first being deemed sufficient. 

REMARKS. 

(a) A few cases exist of $h with the Jussive, e. g., Gen. 34:8; 1 Sam. 14:36. 

(b) On the other hand 7K is thought by some to stand occasionally in a declara- 
tive sentence, e. g M Ps. 41:3; 50:3; Jer. 14:17, though with a stronger force than would 
have been conveyed by K7 • 

(c) For the use of X 1 ? and Stf, without a verb, IKgs. 2:30; 11:22; Gen. 19:18; Ruthl:13. 

(d) X7 cannot stand before a Participle (when used as a verb), an Infinitive abso- 
lute, or an Infinitive construct. Note cases in which, through the influence of ah , a 
Participle passes into a finite verb, Ex. 9:20,21; 13:21,22; 1 Sam. 1:13; 2 Sam. 3:34; Hos. 
1:6; Ps. 37:21. 

(e) The i of TI73 and ,l ?3 is the old archaic genitive ending. 

(/) For cases in which this combination is used of the past, see Gen. 39:23; Jer. 
32:33; of the future, Jer 37:14. 

(g) Cf. TPW, which is used particularly before a single word; Twll, before a 
proposition. 

(7i) It is only when 73 = omnis that this combination may be found; when 73 = 
totus, the X7 negatives the idea of wholeness. 

REFERENCES FOR STUDY. 



Gen. 2:5; 4:15 7 

Gen. 21 :26 5c. 

Gen. 24:15 2a. 

Gen, 31:29 4d. 

Ex. 2:12; 5:11 5b. 

Ex. 3:2 2c. 

Ex. 10:7 2a. 

Ex. 14:11 6 

Ex. 22:19 5c. 

Num. 11:6; 32:12 5c. 

Deut. 17:20 4a. 

Deut. 28:55 6 

Josh. 2:8 2a. 

1 Sam. 3:3 2a. 

2 Sam. 9:3 2/. 

IKgs. 18:43 5b. 

2Kgs. 1:3,6 6 

2Kgs. 4:2 7 

Isa. 6:11 6 

Isa. 8:11; 49:15 id. 

Isa. 14:6; 28:8 5d. 

Isa. 23:4 8 

Isa. 26:14 2e. 

Isa. 52:14. 5e. 

Jer. 5:7 5a. 



Jer. 7:16,17 3 

Jer. 7:32; 10:6,7 6 

Jer. 13:7 7 

Jer. 23:14; 27:18 2b. 

Jer. 38:5 , 2c. 

Ezek. 13:3 2b. 

Hos. 8:7 2d. 

Amos 6:10 2/. 

Zeph. 2:2 6 

Ps. 10:4,6,11; 21:3 2c. 

Ps. 35:19; 38:2 8 

Ps.43:l 5a. 

Prov. 30:25 5a. 

Job 18:15 6 

Job 28:17 8 

Job 30:8 M. 

Job 35:15 2c. 

Job 41:18 2d. 

Eccl.8:ll 2c. 

Esth. 3:8; 7:4 3 

Esth.4:2;8:8 4b. 

Ezra 9:15 4b. 

2Chron.5:ll; 35:3 ....4b. 

2Chron. 9:20 6 



I 42.] BY AN INDUCTIVE METHOD. 119 

42. Interrogative Sentences. 

1. *Un JIN ^nDrT nt 1 is this thy kindness to thy friend f [ T. 
** DfcO K*?£J* *J*iO DJl 2 sAaW it also be marvelous in way eyes f saith 
^N Dy *n*2 P N*? O 3 / or * s %< ^ m # ^owse so with God f 

2. a. rtttl £"NH Dy ^^nH 4 w#* ^om #o w#A ^s man f 

DD'DK jyh&tl* m your father well f [house f 

o. TDK JTD ^N tfV'WJ jfMJiT 6 did I plainly appear to thy father's 
c *D3N *(7K "IDGJTf 7 am i"w*y brother's keeper f 

iT3 '*? rr^DH nriNH 8 wife ^ozi build me a house ? (cf. I Clir. 17:4). 
cZ. Q^n l^pH HISO 1 ? 9 £o see whether the waters had abated. 

3. ilKt^ D*C0*n D& Nl^n 10 is there not a lifting up, if thou doest well ? 
*ti*m ^)^K ^"TH nt N*??! 11 & not this the thing which we told thee f 

4. a. ^IM^ DK 'Jl '*1 *?K ^l/^n 12 «Aa?2 we #o to Ramoth-gilead, or shall 

we forbear f [heard f 

r\}?t2& i^7 DK J"\J?*I* N^Jl 13 hast thou not known, or hast thou not 

b. fTIlN DK l^ll 14 enquire if I shall recover. 

T^jJH i"7rY")£ DN J"7N*U 15 let us see whether the vine has budded. 

1. A sentence is sometimes found to be interrogative, though lacking 
an interrogative particle. In such cases the arrangement of the words, or 
the tone of voice in the pronunciation of the sentence, was sufficient to 
indicate the interrogative force. a 

2. The interrogative particle fl (Lat. an, Greek v) is employed 5 

a. In questions, the answer to which is entirely doubtful. 

b. In questions which are equivalent to a strong affirmative assertion. 

c. In questions equivalent to denial, or which call for a negative reply. 

d. In indirect questions, equivalent to whether. 

3. The interrogative particle fc^vfj (Lat. nonne) is employed when it 
is certain that an affirmative answer is expected. 

4. The interrogative particle DK (strictly if) is employed, 

a. To introduce the second member of a double interrogative sen- 
tence ; here the compound form D£0 (cf. sive) is more common.^ 

b. To introduce an indirect question depending upon some preced- 
ing thought (cf . the use of tl above). e 



12 Sam. 16:17. 


5 Gen. 43:27. 


9 Gen. 8:8. 


13 Isa. 40:28. 


2Zech. 8:6. 


6 1 Sam. 2:27. 


io Gen. 4:7. 


w2Kgs. 1:2. 


s 2 Sam. 23:5. 


7 Gen. 4:9. 


ii Ex. 14:12. 


is Cant. 7:13. 


4 Gen. 24:58. 


s 2 Sam. 7:5. 


12 lKgs. 22:15. 





120 HEBREW SYNTAX [§ 42. 

5. a. (1) JljnJOn 'ft 1 who is {what persons are in) the camp ? *V2W *D 2 

wAo is ^7i2/ name ? 

(2) TOSH ^D fit NIPT 'D 3 mAo *Aeii u *Ae king of glory t 

(3) D*D *Jp£^ ^ft 4 ^ l0 w*S (0 £Aa£ some owe would) give me, etc. 
6. (1) H^K J™F0 5 toAte* [= o/ what kind or character) are these f 

(2) **1D^ pH^n T]f2 Q wherefore do ye strive with me f 

(3) ^K D# WX p1)P HD 7 Aow? can a man he just with God ? 

(4) *T1"D p^n 1^*7 HD 8 we Aai;e no portion in D. (cf. 2 Sam. 20:1). 

(5) *DJ7 I^DID 03/ HD 9 w/ia£ mecm ?/e {that) ye crush my people ? 
c. *lh?l *\lT\tl Jit *N 10 wfocA way did he go ? [house also ? 

6. a. WH? 'N D.1 MC^K VlD 11 when shall I provide for mine own 

b. *V*n *}1& *D* HD^ 12 Aow; many are the days of the years of thy life ? 

c. ^Oin ^^ J^"l^ n^'N 13 Aoio s7ia?£ we know the word, etc.? [?/ow f 
Q^nilO *"li7 &£*& J"0*N 14 how can I alone bear the burden of 
'} 'p rOI? 1 ? niTn i"DW 5 Aow AatfA the faithful city become a 
harlot ! 

d. *"]#*") USD tlti? 16 why smitest thou thy fellow ? 
D*Ul WJD HD 1 ? 17 why have the nations raged ? 

c DVn JO ?fi*)i7D i^llD 18 why have ye come so soon to-day ? 
DVn D^^) D^05 ^/1"TD 19 why are your countenances sad to-day ? 

5. In reference to interrogative pronouns the following points in addi- 
tion to what has been said may be noted : 

a. *p who ? 

(1) always refers to persons, whatever may be the particular 
phraseology of the sentence ; 
" (2) is frequently followed by JOH or fit > an d the sentence 
thus rendered more vivid and pointed ; 
(3) is employed in conveying an optative idea. 

b. HD what? 

(1) always refers to the nature or character of an object, and the 
object may, of course, be a person. 

(2) introduces an expression of reproach or blame, and may be 
rendered wherefore? 



i Gen. 33:8. 


6 Ex. 17:2. 


ii Gen. 30:30. 


16 Ex. 2:13. 


ajudg. 13:17. 


i Job 9:2. 


12 Gen. 47:8. 


i7Ps:2:l. 


3 Ps. 24:10. 


8 1 Kgs. 12:16. 


is Deut. 18:21. 


is Ex. 2.18. 


4 2 Sam. 23:15. 


slsa. 3:15. 


14 Deut. 1 :12. 


19 Gen. 40:7. 


&Zech.l:9; 4:4,13. 


iol Kgs. 13:12. 


islsa. 1:21. 





I 42.] BY AN INDUCTIVE METHOD. 121 

(3) introduces an objection, or an interrogation implying impos- 
sibility, and may be rendered by how? 

(4) has come in a few cases to be equivalent to a negative, and 
may be rendered not. 

(5) with *lh or Uj7 , is used in expressions of strong reproof. 
c- 1*1?"*$ which? differs from 'p and J"7D in being an adjective, 

though always preceding the noun which it modifies. 

6. Aside from interrogative particles and interrogative pronouns, there 
are many interrogative adverbs. Among others may be noted : 

a. *HD when ? sometimes compounded with 7 and IV 

- T * 

o. XV2& how much ? how long ? 

T - 

c. i"D*K how? used to inquire as to the manner in which a given 
event is to take place ; and also to introduce an expression equivalent to 
a negative, and to express wonder, lamentation. 

d" tlu? wherefore, why? used to ask for the purpose or aim of an 

T T 

action. 

e. ]fir\12 (f° r J^n**nO 1 c f- T ' L P-aQvv), why? used to ask for the 
ground or cause of an action. 

REMARKS. 

(a) This is seen especially in questions arising from great emotion or anxiety, e. g., 
1 Sam. 16:4; 2 Sam. 18:29; 2 Sam. 19:23; and also in questions which are connected by 
1, and are in antithesis with a preceding declarative statement, e. g., Judg. 11:23; 
Jon. 4:10,11; Job 10:8,9. 

(b) In some cases H is dropped for euphonic reasons from before words beginning 
with X or H , e. g., Gen. 18:12; 1 Sam. 22:15; 2 Sam. 19:23; 1 Kgs. 1:24. 

(c) For cases of OH is it . . . that ? see Gen. 27:36; 29:15; 2 Sam. 9:1; 23:19. 

(d) Here n also may be used, e. g., Judg. 14:15. 

(e) DK is still further used after a preceding declarative statement in the sense 
of or. 

REFERENCES FOR STUDY. 

Gen.3:13 5b. Deut. 31:17 3 

Gen. 4:6; 47:19 6d. 1 Sam. 11:12; 16:4 1 

Gen. 18:21; 27:21 2d, 1 Sam. 30:15 2a. 

Gen.26:27; 40:7 6e. 2Sam.l:13 5c. 

Gen. 27:21 4a. 2 Sam. 17:6 4a. 

Gen. 30:2 2c. 2 Sam. 18:29 1 

Gen. 30:30 6a. 2 Sam. 19:12 6d. 

Gen. 47:8 6b. 1 Kgs. 20:32 2a. 

Ex. 2:13 6d. 2 Kgs. 3:8 5c. 

Ex. 33:16 3 2 Kgs. 3:13 , 5b. 

Num. 20:10 2b. 2 Kgs. 6:15 6c. 

Num. 23:26 3 Jer. 5:7 5c. 

Deut.7:17 6c. Jer.31:19 2b. 

Deut. 13:4 2d. Ezek. 18:23 2c. 



122 HEBREW SYNTAX [g 43, 

Hos. 10:9; 11:5 1 Job 2:2 5c. 

Joel 1:2 ...2c. Job 4:17; 6:5 2c. 

Amos 3: 3-6... 4a. Job 7:21; 25:4 5b. 

Jon. 1:6 5b. Job 11:2 2b. 

Ps. 35:17; 78:40 6b. Lam. 1:1,2; 4:1,2 6c. 

Ps. 42:3 6a. Neh.5:7 1 

Ps. 42:12 : 5b. 

43. Exclamatory and Optative Sentences. 

1. a. ^hf^tl 1 king ! T^*")K 2 earth ! DDD3J7 3 your perverseness ! 

D*/0 4 you all. 
o. ^1K *D 5 my lord ! OM3Kt2Tf *1?7 6 they who are at ease in 
Zion ! DV7 rrHK 7 alas for the day ! 

2. a. Ud"? Dl^S^ 8 peace he to you ! D^DK *11*"D 9 blessed he Abram. 
b. ^K W° as I live ! mJT W 1 as Yahweh liveth ! 

rfifcOil *T3^ 12 by thine eyes which see ! "DTil D^ 13 by the word ! 

c "Vf| n^D *f? H^ff 14 /or &e # /row *Aee to do, etc. 

<^ # ^y ^n^*l *p"^^0 15 according to my righteousness and my integ- 
rity, upon me ! [thee / 

3. a. *y$Et? rptT 'jXyftW* t? 16 would that Mmael might live before 

WOW t? 17 O hear me ! <0fijQ fr 8 that we had died ! [ God! 
&. ^EH HI^K ^ftpi"! D& 19 *7 ^om loouldest but kill the wicked, 
c> D*D *Jpt5^ *£D 20 that some one would give me water to drink. 

'♦ iO *0i"Y)D in* 'D 21 to we AgmZ <fte<Z &y the hand of Y. 

1. In exclamations there occurs 

a. A noun, with or without the article ; a > b or 

b. A noun with an interjection, e. g., *£ (with ^IKX *1il » or 
rinK (with the dative).<> 

2. Under the head of exclamatory utterance may be classified also 

a. Clauses or sentences which have no mark of exclamation. 

b. The use of *|7 in oaths, and certain other rare expressions (see 
examples). 

c. The common expression tl?wfl to the prof ane, i. e., far be it. 

T • T 

d. Sentences which, for brevity and force, omit the verb to be A 



il Sam. 23:20. 


'Joel 1:15. 


wDeut. 3:21. 


17 Gen. 23:13. 


2 Job 16:18. 


s Gen. 43:23. 


is Hag. 2:5. 


is Num. 14:2. 


alsa. 29:16, 


£• Gen. 14:19. 


14 Gen. 18:25. 


19 Ps. 139:19. 


4 Job 17:10. 


io Num. 14:28. 


is Ps. 7:9. 


20 2 Sam. 23:15. 


5 Gen. 43:20. 


ill Sam. 14:45. 


16 Gen. 17:18. 


2i Ex. 16:3. 


6 Amos 6:1. 









1 44.] BY AN INDUCTIVE METHOD. 123 

3. In optative expressions there are found 

a. The particle ^ l/^ 'would that, used with the Imperfect and 
Imperative, and, in wishes which cannot be realized, with the Perfect. 

b. The particle Qtf if cf. ft . 

c. The interrogative *p with the Imperfect ; and especially Iff *£} 
who would give = would that. 6 

REMARKS. 

(a) The distinctive article (§ 4. 3. e. (2)) is generally employed in prose. 

(b) Originally in exclamations the third person only was used ; in the later writers 
the second begins to he employed. 

(c) Here also belong words or expressions used in swearing, however introduced. 

(d) It should not be forgotten that the Infinitive absolute is used in exclamatory 
style "(1) when the speaker is too full of his subject to mention the action in any 
other than an ejaculatory manner, and as briefly as possible, e.g., 2 Kgs. 4:43; Job 
40 :2 ; (2) in a kind of vehement and rapid description of a number of actions that excite 
astonishment or displeasure, e. g., Hos. 4:2; Isa. 21:5."* (Cf. § 28. 5.) 

(e) jfT ''D is followed (1) by a verb with or without Waw Consecutive, (2) by an 
Infinitive, (3) by a noun. 

REFERENCES FOR STUDY. 

Gen. 18:25; 44:7,17 2c. Jer. 22:24 2b. 

Gen. 30:34 3a. Amos 5:18 lb. 

Gen. 43:20; 44:18 lb. Mic. 2:1 lb. 

Num. 20:3 3a. Ps. 4:7; 14:7; 55:7 3c. 

Deut. 4:3; 11:7; 32:40 2b. Ps. 45:2c; 57:6 2d. 

Deut. 5:26; 28:67 3c. Ps. 81:9; 139:19 3b. 

Judg. 9:29 3c. Ps. 81:14 3a. 

1 Sam. 30:23 2b. Pro v. 24:11 3b. 

2Sam. 15:4 3c. Job6:8; 11:5; 13:5; 14:13; 29:2; 31:35.... 3c. 

Isa. 3:6 2d. Job 6:14; 12:5 2d. 

Isa. 63:19b 3a. 

44. Copulative Sentences. 

1. a. "Ml tfDH tl)pt±>) pN "1*1 Jnpn 1 and he called the dry 
land earth, hut the collection of waters he called seas. [not eat. 

*/Otfn Wfj DJfltl Y^t2) 2 but of the tree of knowledge thou shalt 

b. *py way tjtm rm -frv bnfi mx >y but man is um to 

trouble as the sparks fly upward. [bullock. 

c ^il *1flV • • •"fiSST! *1£) ilN np 4 take the bullock, even the second 

VfrtyD) WHD ^K N^H 5 am I not silent, and that from of old? 

d. row tffl nnN n nt 6 *&©» /»««« oxz, an* (=/or) ao« 

Aa.s£ ??o£ withheld. 

i Gen. 1:10. 3 Job 5:7. 5 Isa. 57:11. e Gen. 22:12. 

2 Gen. 2 :17. ^ Judg. 6 :25. * E wald, Hebrew Syntax, pp. 201-203. 



124 HEBREW SYNTAX [§ 44. 

2. a. *j£7 f^^n^ni ^wtl^ 1 in »*# dream, {and) behold a vine, etc. 

&. "vn roan tfyi 'e 1 ? iiik -ny mn tf? 2 tuusimu not go out 

with us henceforth to battle, that thou quench not, etc. 

c 1DH £0 n*t?J71- • • '^frOf DK 3 if thou rememberest me, then 

do kindness, etc. 

3. hd^ rrn n^rrDni n^noii nx *ti 4 ^a 7 ^ e smo^e ^e camp, w7b7e 

the camp was quiet. 

DHD ^Jf&O 2£" t01 t ?1 -1>0*1 5 w£ tfie?/ came A7e .Lo£ was 

sitting in the gate of Sodom. \_Hezekiah. 

4. a. '?fT tHK DilV liTty *ft*2 6 in the days of Uzziah, Jotham, Ahaz, 

o- f?3Nn N^ 1D1 Wfibi ItfO 7 /es7i <n #s somZ, mz., #s 67ood ye 

shall not eat. 

*y£/T\ T**"1N/ nnp^ 8 s ^ ie sAa?Z 5e desolate, sit upon the earth. 

c o^pr isdk rra;; imp div l^ip 9, «■»<**:& « /«*, ca?z «** 

assembly, gather the old men. 
d DJfil Pinrt ^lp ilK. • • .^D^iT) 10 aw^Ae Acard the noise of the 
guard, the people. 

1. The conjunction *| and is by far the most common copulative con- 
junction, and serves to join together not only words but sentences.^ It is 
universally employed except in cases where special emphasis is to be 
placed upon the conjunctive relation ? c But besides its ordinary use as 
a connective it serves to join to a preceding clause or sentence 

a. An antithetical clause (here rendered but), in which, however, 
the opposition is indicated not by the 1 , but by the arrangement of the 
words, or by the logical relation of the clauses thus joined.* 2 

b. A clause of comparison (here rendered as), peculiar to poetical 
style. 

c. An epexegetical clause (here rendered even, namely, and that 
too), furnishing a more detailed explanation. 

d. A clause of consequence or cause (here rendered for, since). 6 

2. Another class of usages in which *) may be called demonstrative 
includes the following : 

a. Cases in which the *) follows a prepositional phrase and, in the 
sense of then, connects with it some act or state. 



i Gen. 40:9. 4 Judg. 8:11. 1 Gen. 9:4. 9j ell:14. 

2 2 Sam. 21:17. 6 Gen. 19:1. 8l sa .3:26. io2Kgs. 11:13. 

3 Gen. 40:14. 6 isa. 1:1. 



I 44.] BY AN INDUCTIVE METHOD. 125 

u. Cases in which the *) , with an Imperfect or Imperative, 
expresses purpose or result (§ 26. 2a). 

c. Cases in which the *) joins an apodosis to a preceding protasis, 
not only in conditional but also in causal and relative sentences/ 

3. Still another usage of 1 is that occurring in circumstantial clauses 
(8 45.), when it is translated while, although, after, etc. 

4. Omission of 1 (asyndeton), where it might be expected, is found 

a. In lists, enumerations, etc. 

b. In expressions added by way of explanation or correction. 

c. In a climax, or in highly rhetorical statements. 

d. In hurried, abrupt discourse, or where the rapidity of the action 
is to be emphasized. o 

REMARKS. 
(a) For examples in which 1 has the force of with, see Gen. 3:24; Judg. 6:5; ISam. 
18:6; 25:42; 29:10; Isa. 13:9. 

(6) For cases of hendiadys, see Gen. 1:14; 3:16; 2 Chron. 16:14; Job 10:17. 

(c) The conjunctions employed when the connection is to he emphasized are ^IX. 
DJ, e. g., 1 Sam. 25:43; 22:7; Exod. 10:25; Isa. 40:24; 41:26. 

(d) The most common adversative conjunctions are (1) , 3 but (after a negative), 
e.g., Gen. 24:3; 45:8; 1 Kgs. 21:15; Exod. 1:19; Josh. 17:18; Ps. 44:8; (2) DK '3 butif, 
but, e.g., Ps. 1:2; Gen. 15:4; Josh. 17:3; 1 Sam. 8:19. Cf. also ^ z\X = how much more, 
how much less, e. g., 1 Sam. 14:29f.; 1 Kgs. 8:27. 

(e) Here also belongs the use of ) in exclamations, e. g., Joel 2:23; 2 Sam. 1:21; 
Jer. 20:12; and in oaths, e. g., Joel 4:20; Amos 9:5; Hos. 12:6; Jer. 29:23; Isa. 51:15; 
Deut. 32:31; Ps. 71:19 (so Ewald). 

(/) For the use of Waw Consecutive with Imperfect and Perfect, see §§ 24, 25. 

(g) In many stereotyped phrases also 1 is dropped, e. g., IT *^1D (Exod. 17:16) 
for Til "HD. 

REFERENCES FOR STUDY. 

Gen. 11:30 46. Jer. 17:14 2b.. 

Gen. 13:9 2c. Ezek. 10:12 4a,. 

Gen. 17:21; 42:10 la. Amos 4:5 4c, 

Gen. 20:3 Id. Amos 5:4,6,14 2b. 

Gen. 29:15 2c. Hab. 2:4 46. 

Judg.5:13,27 4d. Zech. 10:6 26. 

Judg. 6:25; 7:22 lc. Mai. 1:11 lc. 

Judg.l6:15 la. Ps. 7:10; 60:13 Id. 

lSam.l5:16 26. Ps. 45:5 46. 

1 Sam. 15:23 2c. Ps. 51:9. 26. 

lKgs.l3:18 46. Ps. 78:34 2c. 

2 Kgs. 11:13 , 4d. Ps. 88:2 4a. 

Isa. 3:8 Id. Prov. 25:3 16. 

Isa. .8:9,10 26. Jobl2:ll; 14:11,12,19 16. 

Isa. 23:4 46. Job 32:15,16 4c. 

Jer. 2:20; 7:9 46. Kuth 1:21 la. 

Jer. 15:7; 31:21 4c. Eccl.l:5 lc. 



126 HEBREW SYNTAX [g 45. 

45. Circumstantial Sentences. 

had judged [having judged) Israel forty years. 

'mi fT^H mm *nN rtfTNn *?N 2 ^o not delay me, since Y 

hath prospered my journey. 

>n nty 'n »oyj ♦*? nanpn hd 5 ? 3 why ca u ye me Naomi y 

having testified against me f 
h. ^HKH nn5 3B>V KVTV • . •'♦ V^K NT*) 4 and T. appeared ,mfc> 
him while he sat before the tent. 

myofcrr jwo wini mnx d^d d^d 5 « fada«r«i ^ ** ^ 

earth, the top of it reaching to heaven. 

csa *un Trm Trr? nnn pnajfrn 8 «^ ^ «**** ««<?«• ^ 

mountain, while the mount was burning with fire. 
without disclosing it to me. 

tD)bw dw win run *v£» 'wfrrr 8 «**« «iy &«* gw 

knowledge, seeing that he judges those that are high f 

d. 1}?% frOni ni^l iTf"? 9 ^ was tending the sheep being a boy. 

DDD7^ 1*7^*11 Owttf **"01 10 who speak peace, while evil is in their 
heart. 

We frequently find a clause which furnishes material subordinate to 
that of the principal clause of a sentence ; or which describes the condi- 
tion or circumstances attending the action of the principal verb. Such 
clauses are termed circumstantial or descriptive and may be considered 
under the following heads : 

1. Circumstantial clauses following the principal clause and joined by 
means of *) (§ 44. 3), 

a. With the verb in the Perfect, especially in sentences which have 
a pluperfect or perfect meaning, often rendered by the past participle. 

b. With the verb a Participle, almost always in clauses which are 
of a strictly descriptive character. 

c. With the verb in the Imperfect /less common than either the 
Perfect or Participle, and for the most part in negative sentences. 01 

d. With no verbal form of any kind. 



U Sam. 4:18. 


4 Gen. 18:1. 


VI Sam. 20:2. 


9 Gen. 37 :S 


2 Gen. 24:56. 


5 Gen. 28:12. 


s Job 21:22. 


io Ps. 28:3. 


s Ruth 1:21. 


6Deut.4:ll. 







§ 45.] BY AN INDUCTIVE METHOD. 127 

2. a. 7nn /IIJQ C^fTI 1 and he searched beginning with the eldest. 

1i"Dn *D VIM ^7- ■ -^ll X¥£> ^ 2 *7 ™e -sAaZZ be found slain, 

it not being known who hath smitten him. 
b- Dp**?"!* P* £"|t£^3 ^riND 3 who tarry late at night while wine 

inflames them. 

*JOOW ^IIW- • • ^TDD* 4 he will hide me. . . lifting me upon a rock. 
c - D^¥3 IN^* 5 they went forth, taking their position (cf. Ex. 33:8). 

nwp^n vn onntpo. • -noro 'o d^^ 6 ^^%k w , w^ 

^AeiV thumbs and great toes cut off, gathered, etc. 
«?• QlpD *ym D*D *?£* iT2 n^HN W and £e pftdied fos tort, 

Bethel being on the west and Ai on the east. [his loins. 

W^n 7^ V"T *DJI TO WfcO 8 / saw every man his hands upon 
e> nftrnO TK DM! 2^ t^7£^ "QJ^I 9 °^ they remained three years 

{in the condition of) absence of war, i. e., without war. 

mhn nynx >rfai ^£ i*on n 1 ? 10 y« «ao« ^ see wy /«ce 

(■m the condition of) the absence of your brother, i. e., except your 
brother be with you. 

*!l Ml)tf ; 3K 2^72 DJfpSVV 1 cm d he thrust them into the heart of 
Absalom while he was still alive. 

*G-...Wjn -..•'* *W **¥' ^ 'JT1 12 oww* tt happened, Jacob 
having only just gone out, that Esau, his brother, came in. 
W"7 nCD^Jfl i"7£0 COBTf ^n^l 13 and it happened, the sun having 
gone down, that there was darkness. 

t]¥p'....T?oi dvh man ona rrm 14 ^ a «*«» &«, 

seeing ye rebel to-day , that to-morrow he will be wroth, etc. 

3. a. "vn rum ojrpB> D'pna on *m 15 ««^ a happened, as they 

were emptying their sacks, that behold, etc. 
b- tln?& N\"11 ilX^ID ^*in 16 she was being brought forth, when she 
sent, etc. 

"ui wan rrom n:ra rva ay norr 17 ^ % a* a©** of 

Micah, they recognized the voice, etc. 



1 Gen. 44:12. ejudg. 1:7. 10 Gen. 43:3. 14 Josh. 22:18. 

2 Deut. 21:1. 7 Gen. 12:8. u 2 Sam. 18:14. is Gen. 42:35. 

3 Isa. 5 :11. s Jer. 30 :6. 12 Gen. 27 :30. is Gen. 38 :25. 
<Ps.27:5. »lKgs. 22:1. is Gen. 15:17. " Judg. 18:3. 
5 Num. 16:27. 



128 HEBREW SYNTAX [g 45. 

2. Circumstantial clauses following the principal clause, and not joined 
by 1, 

a. With the verb in the Perfect (cf . 1. a above). 

b. With the verb in the Imperfect (cf. 1. b above). 

c. With the verb a Participle, to be taken as an accusative of state 
or condition.^ 

d. With no verbal form, the clause being strictly nominal. 

e. In expressions introduced by ?*££ , ^3 > V?f?5 » fc?7* etc - c 

3. Circumstantial clauses preceding the principal clause ; here arise 
two cases : 

a. Those in which the circumstantial clause, preceding the principal 
clause, is introduced and supported by the formula *i"J*1 or tl^tl) (cf. U 
24. 4 ; 25. 4). 

b. Those in which there is no such introductory formula, the two 
clauses appearing to be coordinated 

REMARKS, 

(a) Since &0 may not be used with a Participle, when this negative is to be 
employed, the finite form must be substituted. 

(b) That this is really an accusative appears from the corresponding* construction 
in Arabic. 

(c) In common use these negatives have become equivalent to prepositions. 

(d) In circumstantial clauses the subject generally stands first whether the predi- 
cate is a finite verbal form, a Participle, or a noun; exceptions occur (1) when Hjr? or 
some such emphatic word comes first, which regularly precedes the verb, e. g., Gen. 
8:13; 9:7; 1 Sam. 25:14; (2) in the case of K'S , Ps. 44:18; (3) even in sentences without a 
verb, e. g., Ps. 60:3; Gen. 49:10; Isa. 6:6; Amos 7:7. 

REFERENCES FOR STUDY. 

Gen. 7:6 3b. Judg. 3:20 lb. 

Gen. 13:7; 18:10; 19:1; 24:21. lb. Judg.3:24; 20:39,40 3b. 

Gen. 19:23; 44:3,4 3b. Judg.3:26; 4:21; 16:31 la. 

Gen. 20:3; 21:4; 24:10; 44:26 Id. Judg. 5:19; 6:19; 20:31 2a. 

Gen. 21:14 2a. Judg. 6:5 ,26. 

Gen. 29:9 3b. Judg. 8:4 2c. 

Gen. 32:12; 32:31 2d. Judg. 8:11 la. 

Ex. 10:13 3a. Judg. 13:9 lb. 

Ex. 21:11 2e. Judg.l9:ll 3b. 

Ex. 33:12 la. lSam.9:14; 20:36 3b. 

Deut.5:5 2c. 1 Sam. 18:17 la. 

Deut. 9:15a lb. 2 Sam. 20:8 3b. 

Deut.9:15b Id. 2 Sam. 23:4 : 2fi. 

Josh. 2:5; 4:18 3a. 1 Kgs. 18:12 3a. 

Josh. 17:14 Id. 2 Kgs. 2:23 3b. 



I 46.] BY AN INDUCTIVE METHOD. 129 

2Kgs. 5:18 lb. Hab.2:15 2d. 

2Kgs. 12:7b 3a. Hag. 1:4 20". 

Isa.l:5; 27:9; 60:11 2b. Mai. 1:7 3b. 

Isa. 27:16; 60:9 2d. Ps. 7:3 2e. 

Isa. 29:13 2a. Ps.7:3; 78:4 2c. 

Isa.47:l 2e. Ps.7:7; 57:4; 71:3 2a. 

Isa. 49:21; 53:4 la. Ps. 35:8; 21:12; 62:5; 107:5 2b. 

Isa. 57:19 2c. Ps. 69:4 2c 

Jer. 2:27; 23:17; 41:6; 43:2 2c. Ps. 78:30,31 3b. 

Jer. 37:13 3a. Job 3:18; 9:25 2a. 

Hos. 7:11 2e. Job 22:18 la. 

Joell:6 2e. Job 24:22; 42:3 lc. 

Mic.7:l 2e. Job 29:24; 34:31 2b. 

Nan. 1:12 2b. Ezra 10:6 2a. 

46. Relative Sentences. 

1. a. *n fcOn *M#K t^ft**! 7D 1 every creeping thing which is living, 
o. '' )\i?& "1£>K N03i7 2 the prophet whom Y. hath sent. 

c ' *)}&/ %?72&n is? *")£^N **U 3 a nation whose language thou dost 

not understand. ■ [come. 

V£J^D fiflfi flJO *")SW illiT 4 ^ under whose wings thou hast 
d. 0£^ *OCP *A30£^ *1£^N 5 where I fixed my name. 

D2^ ttJJO *)CN 6 whither they were carried away. 

WTWhtl D£?D 1JW I^K 7 whence the Phil, have proceeded. 

2. a. J^pr? r\nr\t2 ^)&*N D*Di*7 8 the waters which (were) under the, etc 

TIN "D^n 1CN D*CWNI7 9 the men who went with me. 
"ty J"lN i"W") *")^N niDH 10 the mercy of thee who hast looked 
on my affliction. 
o. *)¥* Il^K DINU 11 the man whom he had formed. 

c. fro *i^k ovn iy 12 ^ ^ e ^«y ^«* ^ e c ° me - 

ni5^ nilNn DG? *^N riH^n 14 the Hebrew women of whom 
the name of one was Shiphra. 

a a. *orr ^N....Tyrr ty lew rvin by ntrN n^^i 15 «^ 

se?i£ 7ie sdio was over the house, and he who was over the city to Jehu, 
b. 1DK *")&*N ilK H^O 16 anoint him whom I shall name. 



i 



i Gen. 9:3. 


s Jer. 7:12. 


9 Gen. 14:24. 


is Gen. 35:13. 


2 Jer. 28:9. 


6lKgs.8:47. 


io Ps. 31:8. 


14 Ex. 1:15. 


sDeut. 28:49. 


7 Gen. 10:4. 


ii Gen. 2:8. 


lsgKgs. 10:5. 


4 Ruth 2:12. 


s Gen. 1:7. 


12 2 Sam. 19:25. 


16 1 Sam. 16:3. 



130 HEBREW SYNTAX [? 46. 

c - W^ /%? **)S^£\? ^DK*! 1 oind he said to him who was over his house. 

JTfT is? K^Dil *1^£$ DJ/ 2 with whomsoever thou shalt find 

he shall not live. 

A relative clause may best be understood as the expansion of an 
adjective or participle. It is generally introduced by 1tJ?K (§ IB.), 
sometimes by Jit or )\ (§ 13. 4. a) a > h ; yet in many cases no introductory 
particle is employed (see below). The principal usages of relative 
clauses may be classified as follows : 

1. Relative sentences introduced by ^Ifc^K , in which, since ^I^K is 
only a particle and not & pronoun, a special pronoun, pronominal suffix, 
or adverb, is employed to express the desired idea. The pronoun or pro- 
nominal suffix agrees with its "antecedent in gender and number, 6 and 
takes that particular case which the relative particle would have, if a 
noun. d It may, therefore, be, 

a. The subject of the sentence. 

b. The direct object of the verb, i. e., an accusative. 

c. The genitive after a construct, or after a preposition. 

d. An adverb, viz., Q^ , used in the sense of where, whither, whence. 

2. Relative sentences introduced by *)t^K in which, for the sake of 
brevity, the special pronoun, pronominal suffix, or adverb referred to 
above, has been omitted. This is seen in sentences in which 

a. The relative particle has the force of subject, and especially, 
where the predicate is a finite verb including the pronominal idea. 

b. The relative particle has the force of an accusative. 

c. The relative particle as an adverbial accusative follows a substan- 
tive having some general signification of time, place, manner. 

3. Relative sentences in which the relative particle includes its ante- 
cedent and is equivalent to he who, those who, etc. The particle, there- 
forej has here two constructions. Aside from its connection with the 
relative clause which it introduces, it has a relation to the principal sen- 
tence on which this relative clause depends ; 6 thus it may be 

a. The subject of this principal sentence. 

b. The object often with a prefixed J")N^ 

c. The genitive after a preposition .o h 

4. a. £OM |i"VK **U 3 a nation that is lasting. 

Off? ft*? T^fcO* M* a land which is not theirs, 
b. IJ^T i^7 *1T\1 5 a way they know not. 



i Gen. 43:16. 3jer. 5:15. 4 Gen. 15:13. 5lsa.42:16. 

2 Gen. 31:32. 



I 46.] BY AN INDUCTIVE METHOD 131 

^PO* T"nO l-DIV 1 h e teaches him in a way he should choose. 
c 1D&> 3VK pj? jHJO FIT! £"N 2 a man lived in the land of Uz, 
whose name was Job. 
i*72 "D 1 ?* T"nH 3 the way in which they must go. 

d. tl&}? Diri* 4 the gain that he made. [ure. 
D3 ^5J"F /D **V1K 5 the excellent ones in whom is my whole pleas- 

e. NTN DV 6 the day I fear ; JTOKtt fij? 7 ^ ^'me thou wast 
broken. 

5. a. ^^ ^"7* X^ DIpD 8 the place (of him) who knows not God. 

Vh&r\ T13 JO (l^t^ 9 ^ewcZ now by the hand {of him whom) thou 
wilt send. [ask. 

I^Nfc^ N*)^ 1 ? VW^TO 10 I was inquired of by (those who) did not 
*3*7*7 i"TfiN H?flN ^"ly?^ 11 what is beyond that which I see, teach 
thou me. 

4. Relative sentences without an introductory particle, especially 
when the antecedent is indefinite ; this is found 

a. When the relative, or the word to which the relative force is 
given, is a subject. 

b. When the relative is the object of a verb. 

c. When the relative is a genitive. 

d. When the relative clause follows a noun in the construct ; this 
is rare and poetical. 

e. When the relative follows a noun, in the construct, which has 
some general signification of time, place, manner. 

5. Relative sentences in which the relative particle, though including 
its antecedent and equivalent to he who (see 3 above), is omitted ; this is, 
for the most part, poetical, though found rarely in late prose writers. 
The predicate generally stands first in the relative clause, and is thus 
brought into antithesis with the preceding sentence. 

REMARKS. 

(a) The pronouns "»D who, HD what sometimes also have a relative force, e. g., 
Gen. 19:12; 1 Sam. 20:4; Isa. 50:8. 

(b) On the use of the article in a relative sense with a Participle and, rarely, with 
a finite verb, see § 4. 3. /. 

(c) For agreement also in person, where the antecedent is a pronoun, see Gen. 45:4; 
Num. 22:30; Isa. 41:8. 



IPs. 25:12. 


4jer.48:36. 


7Ezek.27:34. 


io Isa. 65:1. 


2 Job 1:1. 


5Ps. 16:3. 


8 Job 18:21. 


n Job 34:32. 


3 Ex. 18:20. 


6 Ps. 56:4. 


a Ex. 4:13. 





132 



HEBREW SYNTAX 



12 47. 



(d) This pronominal suffix is regularly separated from the relative by one or more 
words. 

(6) Note the double construction seen, for example, in Gen. 38:10; 43:16; 49:1. 

(/) Distinguish from this the use of 1J5W fiK , in the sense of the fact that, how, etc., 
to subordinate as object an entire clause. 

(0) Cf . the combinations *IBW3 , 1WKD , *KVX by , etc. 

(h) Cf . the usage (late and rare) which allows IBW to be followed by a noun in the 
accusative, Jer. 14:1; 46:1; Ezek. 12:25; Amos 5:1. 

REFERENCES FOR STUDY. 



Gen.3:3; 4:11; 7:2; 14:20 .2a. 

Gen. 5:29 lb. 

Gen. 7:23 3a. 

Gen. 9:3 la. 

Gen. 13:3 Id. 

Gen. 19:29; 38:25.. lc 

Gen. 21:3,9; 26:32 2b. 

Gen. 39:20; 40:13 2c. 

Gen. 41:25 ..3b. 

Gen. 44:9 3c 

Ex. 4:13 4d. 

Ex. 4:17 lc 

Ex. 4:21,28 2b. 

Ex. 12:13 Id. 

Lev.4:24,33 2e. 

Lev. 18 :11 4a. 

Num. 17:20 lc. 

Deut. 1:22. lc. 

Deut. 4 :10 2c . 

Deut.9:28; 11:10; 30:3 Id. 

Deut. 32:37 4c. 

1 Sam. 15:16 3b. 

lKgs. 11:14 4a. 

IKgs. 11:27 2c 



Isa. 8:12 2c. 

Isa.29:l ,.4e. 

Isa. 31:6 3c. 

Isa. 37:4 lb. 

Isa. 43:21 4d. 

Isa. 55:2 5 

Jer. 2:8,11 5 

Jer. 15:4 3c. 

Jer. 44:3 lb. 

Hab. 1:6 4a. 

Ps.4:8; 88:2; 90:15 4e. 

Ps.7:5; 27:7. 4b. 

Ps.l2:6; 32:2; 72:12 4c. 

Ps.l6:3 la. 

Ps. 49:13 ,4a. 

Ps.58:5; 65:5; 81:6 .....4d. 

Prov. 6 :16 4b. 

Prov. 8:32 5 

Job 6:17 4c. 

Job 19:16 5 

Job 38:19,24 4b. 

Lam. 1:14 5 

Neh.8:10 5 



47. Subject, Object and Adverbial Clauses. 

1. a. "Hi"! ^7 "lfc^tf Dlft 1 ** ™ better that thou shouldst not vow. 

)$? tVtin *D ^1l3 2 & i s 9°°d ti iat thou be to us, etc. 

b> nriN uyy *d *i? iun w w ^° to ^ f7iee ^at ^ iou wast na hed ^ 

7*0^* ^ ^DfcW and he said that they should return, 
c y\\D O *\)Xtl fiK 'N #y) 5 and God saw that the light was good. 
d. tlWy# DHDN DfiK ?TO 6 what do ye think I should do f 

2. a. Pfiti? WflJ fiN -^NJ^ 7 he ashed that his soul should die. [through. 
"DJ? '* HN 'D PQNfi K^ 8 but Sihon trusted not Israel to pass 



lEccl. 5:4. 
2 2 Sam. 18:3. 



3 Gen. 3:11. 

4 Job 36:10. 



s Gen. 1:4. 
6 2 Sam. 21:4. 



IKgs. 19:4. 
; Judg. 11:20. 



I 47.] BY AN INDUCTIVE METHOD. 133 

&• jn fW}^? D\JHV D^N 1 #W c?o ™o£ &^ow that they do evil, 
c D2V TO^O-- • JTP l&'JO 2 since he feared to do it by day. 
1jfl¥3 fiDB^ N1' *y for he feared to dwell in Zoar. 

1. Dependent sentences are found, 

a. With the force of a subject, introduced by l&'N or *3 • 

b. With the force of an object, introduced by *3 . 

c. With the logical subject, attracted by the verb of the principal 
sentence and treated as its object. 

d. With no introductory particle, the verb being directly attached 
to what precedes. 

2. A more condensed method of expressing subject and object sen- 
tences is seen 

a. In the use of an accusative with an Infinitive (cf. the Latin), 
after verbs of wishing, allowing, commanding, etc. 

b. In the same usage, more particularly in later writers, after verbs 
of hearing, seeing, knowing, etc. 

c. In the use of ?£ and rarely 7 with the Infinitive after verbs of 
fearing. 

3. a. ^a nx ntnn xb latf? ywo *7kb> ^& i ask of thee, 

saying, '"''Thou shalt not see my face." 

Xtfiy D*B>i1 *p% >3 i? n^Nm 5 and ye have said unto him, 

"Thou shalt set a king over us." 

'» 'npn tftftop ib>k ^Niofir ^k ^in^ loan 6 and &™z mm 

to Samuel, " I have obeyed the voice of Y." 
h. jyfrn y?2&r\ "ON 1 ? If?]} TSyOW 1 I have heard concerning 

thee, Thou hear est a dream, etc. 

tl!2tl &)& W)} IJ/T 8 let the nations know they are men. 
ft "131 TH Thy >3 111 1 ? IDN 1 ? U ^K 1EN 9 Ae commanded 

Gad to say to David that David should go up, etc. 

jnr rrjo* was db>n o^n dk ^rrn i*oi fan mm 10 

"1,31 D*D* "TIN* and Yahweh was pleased to bruise him, he put him 
to grief, [with the understanding that) if he himself should make an 
offering of guilt, he would see seed, he would prolong days, etc. 
d> )t2%? |*1/ Nip* 11 he cries that he will judge his people. 

lEccl. 4:17. 4 2 Sam. 3:13. 1 Gen. 41:15. 10 Isa. 53:10,11. 

aJudg. 6:27. 5 l Sam. 10:19. 8 Ps. 9:21. 11 Ps. 50:4. 

3 Gen. 19:30. 6 1 Sam. 15:20. 9 1 Chron. 21 :18. 



134 HEBREW SYNTAX [§ 47. 

D^D^ DM&y? Ip**! 1 aw< ^ ^ e expected that it would produce grapes. 
|D PD^jf7 7npn 'PD II^N*! 2 and ^ w^ofe congregation said 
they would do so. 

3. Under object sentences "belongs also what is called direct and indi- 
rect discourse. In reference to this it may be noted that 

a. Direct discourse is introduced by ""ON/ i *? 5 or "\$$ ? which 
are then equivalent to quotation marks ; this is the earlier form and is 
much more common than the indirect, which, in most cases, would have 
been employed in English. 

b. The gradual introduction of indirect discourse is seen in cases 
(like those cited above), in which it is only partly indirect. 

c. That while in the older literature direct discourse prevails, in 
later writings it becomes customary to employ the Imperfect, with or 
without *3 ; and that in extended discourse of this kind the voluntative 
Imperfect is largely used * 

d. That more frequently, however, there is found especially in later 
writers the construction of the Infinitive with 7 (cf. the Latin). 

4. a. ^^T\n7 /S)r\ N 1 ? *")£^K 3 so that thou canst not be healed. 

I^Dfrn O fc^UK HO 4 what is man that thou rememberest him. 
b. {1) pyi* ^I^N 5 in order that they know, [it holy. 

(2) Y&lp? 'WH DV ftt* *"0 6 remember the Sabbath day to keep 

(3) *0*DN* Wtil 7 i> n order that they may believe. 

(4) r\1}f? ^7 TVfin *"03,J/3 8 that they may be to me for a testimony. 

(5) I^TU* 0^7 Di?}? 1 ? 9 when it comes up against the people to 
invade them. 

c (1) *))?!2ffl tf?7 "I^K 10 in order that they may not understand. 

(2) *3 V^tJ^D* ^K 11 that they may not rule over me. 

(3) VfTK 1 ? yi!t Ji"0 T^^fr 12 so as n °t to give seed to Ms brother. 

(4) *lhf2D HDKD^ 13 and he hath rejected thee that thou mayest not 
be king. 

(5) *n* fl 1 ?^* liD JinyV 4 and now , lest he put forth his hand. 

5. a. JlftlNn DK HD^n *D 15 when thou tillest the ground, etc. 



Usa. 5:2. 


5 Josh. -3:7. 


J>Hab.3:16. 


i3l Sam. 15: 


2lChron. 13:4. 


6 Ex. 20:8. 


10 Gen. 11:7. 


14 Gen. 3:22. 


3Deut.28:27. 


7 Ex. 4:5. 


uPs. 19:14. 


15 Gen. 4:12. 


4Ps. 8:5. 


s Gen. 21 :30. 


12 Gen. 38:9. 





* Ewald, Hebrew Syntax, p. 232. 



I 47.] BY AN INDUCTIVE METHOD. 135 

*0¥y *l7^ ^ilt^inn O 1 toAe» I kept silent, my bones wasted. 

b. D*1p *)CJO *n^ 2 <^ w< ^ ^ s socw as h e came nigh. 

c. VQCJO *0?D^ ^n^l 3 ^^ *' came to pass, when he began to reign, 
as soon as he sat upon, etc. [over. 

d- "HDJ^ DID U& *)^7*1 4 and they lodged there before they passed 

e. 7lJl* "iy rOO/X OC 5 remain a widow until he be grown. 
7f7J DN ^""QJ/ *"lt^N 1J/ 6 «»**Z we passed over the brook. 

f. DMQJ$TF nK f?!"7 *")t7K 7 a/te?* ^e &a£/i £a&<m ow£ the stones. 
i"VDil J"1K niSpn **lf7N 7 after he hath scraped the house. 

9' i7^"l5 7N *H£0 ?N0 8 sw&ce I came unto Pharaoh. 

1T\2J} 7N T"0"1 tND 9 since thou didst speak unto thy servant. 
h> Oili^ *"TD \*T1 10 G" 1 ^ as o/tera as they went out. 

""D*^ **lft n as often as I speak. 

4. The more common methods of expressing consequence and purpose 
are the following : 

a. Clauses indicating result or consequence, with Imperfect intro- 
duced by the particles *)1(ftf or *3 . 

b. Clauses indicating purpose or intention, 

(1) with an Imperfect following *\$il ; 

(2) with an Infinitive following 7 ; 

(3) with an Imperfect following Wu? ', 

(4) with an Imperfect following "l^QJK} 5 

(5) with an Imperfect not accompanied by an introductory par- 
ticle. 

c. Clause of negative purpose, 

(1) with an Imperfect following tffr *1??K ] 

(2) with an Imperfect following 7^ (or 7^5) ; 

(3) with an Infinitive following *JH737 » 

(4) with an Infinitive or noun governed by Jp ; 

(5) with an Imperfect following |5 • 

5. The more common methods of expressing time are as follows : 

a. Clauses with Perfect or Imperfect following **") when, quum. 

b. Clauses with Perfect or Imperfect following ^)^KD as soon as, 
when. 



1 Ps. 32 :3. 4 Josh. 3:1. 7 Lev. 14 :43. 10 1 Sam. 18 :t 

2 Ex. 32:19. 5 Gen. 38:11. 8 Ex. 5:23. nJer.20:8. 
s 1 Kgs. 16:11. 6 Deut. 2:14. 9 Ex. 4:10. 



136 



HEBREW SYNTAX 



[§48. 



c. Clauses with Infinitive following 3 or 3 ' the former = while, 
when; the latter, as soon as, when. 

d. Clauses with Imperfect, rarely Perfect, following D*lt3 or D^fcD^D 

v-jv y-jv ; 

before. 

e. Clauses with Perfect or Imperfect following *]ty , *")t£^$ *7ty until 
(cf. also >3 1# , DK 1JI). 

f. Clauses with finite verb, or Infinitive, following *")f7N , ^IH^ 
after (cf. p Hlltf). 

g. Clauses with finite verb or Infinitive after J^ft since. 

h. Clauses with finite verb or Infinitive after *TO as often as. 



REFERENCES FOR STUDY. 



Gen.6:2 lc. 

Gen. 12:13 3b. 

Gen. 18:33; 27:40 5b. 

Gen. 24:15 5d. 

Gen. 24:41 5a. 

Gen. 46:3 2c. 

Ex. 2:2 ..lc. 

Ex. 9: 14 4b. 

Ex. 12:34..... 5d. 

Ex. 13:17 4c. 

Lev. 9:6 Id. 

Lev. 14:43 5/. 

Num. 20:21 2a. 

Deut. 4:40; 29:5 4b. 

Deut. 24:4 5/. 

Deut. 28:35,57 4a. 

Judg. 2:18 5a. 

Judg. 4:24 56. 

ISam. 8:6 5b. 

2 Sam. 1:4 3a. 

2 Sam. 21:4 3b. 

lKgs. 5:17; 11:28 lc. 

lKgs. 14:28 57l. 

lKgs. 15:13: ..4c. 

2Kgs. 2:9 5d. 

2Kgs.9:37 4a. 

Isa. 22:14 5e. 



Isa. 28:19 5h. 

Isa. 38:15,16 3c. 

Isa. 43:2 5a. 

Jer. 1:5 5d. 

Jer. 13:21; 15:15 2b. 

Jer. 18:7 ; 34:8,9 3d. 

Jer. 36 : 9 2a. 

Jer. 44:18.... 5a. 

Ezek. 40:1 5/. 

Hos.5:15; 10:12 5e. 

Hos. 7:12 5b. 

Amos 7:4 3d. 

Jonah 4:8 2a. 

Zech. 8:20 la. 

Ps. 8:4 . 5a. 

Ps. 9:15 4b. 

Ps. 55:7-9 3c. 

PS. 76:8.... 50. 

Ps. 104:27 3d. 

Ps. 119:58 3a. 

Job 6:11; 7:12; 15:14 ....4a. 

Job 16:4,5; 31:1-4 ..3c. 

Job 16:8; 30:28 4b. 

Lam. 1:10....' ....Id. 

Dan. 1:3-5 3d. 

1 Chron, 15:16; 17:25; 21:18; 22:2 3d. 



48. Conditional Sentences. 

1. a. *T**| ^K DNVD CSOl 1 if thou hast found "honey , eat {only) enough 

for thee. 

tV2) V3K fiK 2tJ/) 2 an d if he leaves his father, he will die. 
iProv. 25:16. 2 Gen. 44:22. 



I 48.] BY AN INDUCTIVE METHOD. 137 

h. Oyi¥ D*B>JDPT N¥£K DN 1 if I find fifty righteous. 

c. *)7*0^* *)£D3f7 Y? 2 if they had been wise they would understand. 

d. "))) Till*! ¥ '* *bi? 3 except Y. of hosts had left to us. 

e. ""OD^D *")ftNi"l *D 4 if thou shalt say in thy heart. 

/• rfnrT D^ *D DW* N7 5 & does not return unless it has watered. 
2. a N 1 ? DN JTftil *<13 *JB> nK 6 my too so?is $ow sM* MZ i/ i 

do not, etc. [fo/ me. 

O '* *D*1 &**?•••• 2Wn DN 7 #" ^ow retam, Y. hath not spoken 

o. ^niD^I TlNtOH O# 8 iflsinthouwatchestme. 

c H^D^l *7NDS577 DN 9 i/* ^ow #oes£ to *Ae fe/«, ^ew / wi7Z #o to 

' d. ^iltY?^ nn^ *D 10 for then thou hadst sent me away. 

1. The protasis of a conditional sentence may be introduced 

a. Without an introductory conditional particle of any kind, in 
which case the conditional idea is indicated by the logical relation of the 
clause to that with which it may be connected (see below). 

b. By the particle DN a if (negative, tf? QK if not, unless), less 
often tl^il b if, used with the Perfect, Imperfect, Participle, or Infini- 
tive d (with suffix). 

c. By the particle y} if implying that the statement made is one 
which is not true or cannot be fulfilled ; it is used with the Perfect, 
Imperfect, Participle, and in elliptical expressions with the Imperative. 

d. By the particle WT? (= T7 if, *7 = K7 not), implying that 
the condition has a real existence, used with the Perfect, Imperfect, or 
Participle. 

e. By the particle *"3 , properly so let it be assumed, suppose that, 
if;e,f 

f By the particle DK *D out if, unless, o always after a negative. 

2. The apodosis of a conditional sentence may be introduced, 

a. Without any introductory particle. 

b. By Waw Consecutive, the verb standing in the tense demanded 
by the context. 

c. By Waw Conjunctive, a rare usage. 

d. By jlfiP *3 , or fft *3& for now, in that case. 



i Gen. 18:26. * Deut. 7:17. 7lKgs.22:28. 9 Gen. 13:9. 

2Deut.32:29. 5lsa.55:10. 8 Job 10:14. io Gen. 31:42. 

3lsa.l:9. 6 Gen. 42:37. 



138 HEBREW SYNTAX [}, 48. 

3. *OK*DK $h DK WISH 'ft W& DK 1 my two sons thou sJialt kill 
if I do {shall) not bring him back. 

")X\ *?& tf? ^T? \^7 TV'tV DN 2 if h e shall become a worthy man, 
there shall not fall, etc. 

a. "tii 'nKWV-v.p^-ra D^Dn...-.^DK dn 3 ifishaiifnd 

fifty righteous then I shall pardon. 

o. JlptHD Tlilp 1 ? (|nn) #*? DfcO 4 and if thou wilt not give, I will 
take it by force. 

4. fUB* "UTlt. • • -n^D 1 ? £"N taV DN 5 ^ a man should be able to 
number. . . .thy seed might be numbered. 

nb om& , tta».-..D'DB>n tan ntyn >n 6 *w^ jb^zoh 

should mount to heaven spoilers would come to her. 

5. *D1* KY& DIN*) 1 ? iO DK 7 (f he {at any time) hath come to visit 
me, he will speak falsehood. 

Dp3 !Wtf....*TTT p*in VTOE' OR 8 if at any time I have whet my 

glittering sword I will requite vengeance. 

a. ♦nKtDllV.-.Vn^nn K 1 ? DK 9 if/ Aowe ?io£ brought him back, 

then I shall be guilty. 
h. in rD&^ '♦ mi ^....T^n EO no ^««* will wither if the 

breath of Y. hath blown upon it. 

6. D1p> X 1 ?- ■ ■ -iTTa • • .?T3N K^H DK 11 ^7 her father shall have 
disallowed her Aer i/'ows shall not stand. 

a. IfrOV • • .^JfiDJTl ilNDCD^ DK 12 *7 s^e *^aZZ toe de/M Aerse?/ 
emc? been faithless, then they shall come. 

7. t»nK Win $h DH1K Dn^nn ^ 13 «f yo« had kept them alive, 1 
shoidd not have killed you. 

Wn D1DD. • • Mb TfYin ¥ '* *bi? U except Y. of hosts had left us 
a very small remnant, we should have been as Sodom, etc. [stand this. 
a. n&tf w^^ffl IDDn Y? 15 if they had been wise, they would under- 

nw npn> x K^n wf»* d^ we>B> dn 16 #" we had 

forgotten the name of our God. . . .would not God find this out ? 



i Gen. 42:37. 6 Gen, 13:16. 9 Gen. 43:9. is Judg.8:19. 

2lKgs.l:52. 6Jer.51:53. ioIsa.40:7. ulsa. 1:9. 

3 Gen. 18:26. 7 p 8 . 41:7. n Num. 30:6. is Deut. 32:29. 

4 1 Sam. 2:16. sDeut. 32:41. 12 Num. 5:27. w Ps. 44:21,22. 



I 4:8.] BY AN INDUCTIVE METHOD. 139 

As regards the usage of tense in conditional sentences the principles 
given in \l 16.-24. hold good. It is only necessary, therefore, to classify 
the more important forms. 

3. In the^rs^ form, the protasis presents distinctly a future case (as, 
if I [shall) find Mm), and the apodosis denotes what will be the result (as, 
I will inform Mm). The Imperfect is employed in both>J>k j> u t { n faQ 
apodosis there is found also 

a. The Perfect with Waw Consecutive instead of the Imperfect 
{I 25. 1. b). 

b. The Perfect of certainty which is equivalent to an Imperfect 
(§ 19. 1). 

4. In the second form, the protasis presents a future case, but less 
distinctly (as, if I should find him) ; the apodosis denotes what would 
(or might) be the result. The Imperfect is employed in both. i > m ' n 

5. In the third form, the protasis presents a future case, but one 
of an entirely uncertain and indefinite character, and regarded from the 
stand-point of the past (as. if I shall have at any time found him) ; the 
apodosis denotes what will be the result in case this contingency is 
realized. Here the Perfect is found in the protasis and the Imperfect in 
the apodosis ; but in the apodosis there is also found 

a. The Perfect with Waw Consecutive instead of the Imperfect 
(S 25. 1. b.). 

b. The Perfect in the sense of the Future Perfect (§ 19. 3). 

6. In the fourth form the protasis presents a case either strictly past, 
or past as viewed from a definite moment fixed in the context (as, if I 
have in the past, or shall have at a particular time, found him) the apodo- 
sis denotes what will be the result immediately or at the particular 
moment referred to. The Perfects (either present perfect, 3 17. 2, or 
perfect of the immediate past, $ 18. 1, or future perfect, 3 19. 3) is used 
in the protasis, the Imperfect in the apodosis ; but in the apodosis there 
is also found 

a. The Perfect with Waw Consecutive instead of the Imperfect 
{I 25. 1. b.). 

7. In the fifth form, the protasis presents a case which is supposed 
not to have been fulfilled (as, if I had found him) ; the apodosis denotes 
what icould have been the result if the supposed case had been realized 
(as, / should have informed him). The Perfect is used in both mem- 
bers. -' 7 "' 8 ^ But in the apodosis there is found 

a. The Imperfect instead of the Perfect, when reference is made to 
the present (as ; I should now inform him). 



140 HEBREW SYNTAX [§ 48. 

8. a. ftjy) V!3K r\H D^*) 1 and [if) he leave Ms father, he will die. 

Dpi D^fil 7^3 nKIl 2 and [if) all the people saw, they stood up. 
&• f"? 7^K1 V nX^r7l 3 and [if thou) bring it to me [and] I will eat. 

y\tD V7D10 ^K- • • -I^D^ 4 ((/* 2/e) ^cgwAjcw to me [and] [ye will) 

eat good. 

rODKI w}f *V\2\& ?7Dp3 5 [if thou wilt) specify to me thy hire 

[and] I will give it. 

fflR VX) JON1 6 and [if) I looked, there was no man. 
c iinNfi *pni *ilND *i7\n n^Il 7 behold, thou goest from me and 

a lion shall slay thee. [avenged, etc. 

Dp* DV\1^^ pp 2T\il TO 8 should any one hill Cain, he shall he 

9. a. ^h *")CK ^DD npH OK 9 (way he punish me) if I take of all that 

is thine = I will not take. 

WN p.-.-DniDl "WPN3 N*? DK 10 [God do so tome, and 
more also), if I do not do according to what ye have spoken = I will 
surely do it. 

h. uptd j*n dni nm®n x&n hx nny) n and now if thou win 

forgive their sin [it is well], but if not, blot me out. 
c ^r\y\2 DK O "jFfrfc'tt X!? 12 Iwill not let thee go... .yes, if thou 

bless me, [then I will let thee go), 
d, fTTH ""DJD DB01 Yj^NIiI I 1 ? 13 oh that we had been content and 

had remained beyond the Jordan. 

8. Certain classes of sentences, conditional in force, though not in 
form, may be grouped as follows : 

a. Sentences containing two members, each of which has as its verb 
a Perfect with Waw Consecutive (as, and I used to find him, and inform 
him, or and I find him, and I inform him = and if I found him I should 
inform him, or and if I find him, I inform him). This Perfect is a fre- 
quentative (§ 25. 1. a). The usage occurs in the sphere of past, present 
or future time. 

b. Sentences containing two members, both of which have Impera- 
tives ; or one, an Imperative, the other a Jussive or Cohortative ; or both, 
Jussives (as, find him and inform him = if you find him, you shall 



i Gen. 44:22. 


5 Gen. 30:28. 


s Gen. 4:15. 


n Ex. 32:32. 


2 Ex. 33:10. 


elsa. 41:28. 


9 Gen. 14:23. 


12 Gen. 33:27. 


3 Gen. 27:4. 


UKgs. 20:36. 


io Num. 14:28. 


13 Josh. 7:7. 


4lsa.55:2. 









I 48.] BY AN INDUCTIVE METHOD. 141 

inform him, or find Mm and I will inform Mm, or let me find Mm and I 
will inform Mm). u 

c. Sentences with a participle (often preceded by tl^tl) i n the pro- 
tasis, an Imperfect, or Perfect with Waw Consecutive in the apodosis. 

9. In certain usages, one or the other member of the conditional is 
regularly omitted. This is seen in 

a. In the expression of the oath, the apodosis, viz., I lift my hand 
to God that he may punish me, or God do so to me and more also, having 
been dropped. Here Qft = assuredly not ; $} DK — assuredly. 

b. In the case of the first apodosis of two consecutive conditional 
sentences, this apodosis being easily supplied from the context. 

c. In the case of the elliptical conjunction OK *3 — yes, if the 
real apodosis having strictly to be supplied."" 

d. In the expression of a wish which is not, or cannot be, realized. 

REMARKS. 

(a) For DK in the sense of although, 1 Sam. 15:17; Jer. 5:2; 14:7. 
(ft) See Ex. 4:1; 8:23 and compare njn , § 48. 8. c. 

(c) See Judg. 9:15; 11:9; 1 Sam. 6:3. 

(d) Cf. nDK DM (Job 9:27) if my saying = ifl say. 

(e) Cf. sentences introduced by "»3 when, § 47. 5. a. 

(/) Cf . the distinction between DK and O in Ex. 21:2-5, where , 3 is used before a 
general ordinance, DX, before the particular details. 

(fif) To be distinguished from this are other usages of DK O , viz., (1) that if, because 
if, for if, e. g., 1 Kgs. 20:6; Deut. 11:22, and (2) but, the DK having lost its force, Ps. 1:1; 
Josh. 17:3. 

(h) Here belong cases in which the protasis has been omitted, e. g., Ex. 9:15 ; 1 Sam. 
13:13; 2 Kgs. 13:19. 

(i) The voluntative Imperfect or Imperative may be substituted for the ordinary 
Imperfect, e. g., 1 Sam. 20:21; 21:10; 2 Kgs. 2:10. 

(j) The Participle (according to § 20. 2. (h)) may also be substituted for the Imper- 
fect, e. g., Gen. 4:7; Lev. 21:9. 

(7c) Eor cases in which the Imperfect in apodosis refers to the past in the fre- 
quentative sense, see Gen, 31:8; Ex. 40:37. 

(Z) While the Greek uses in the first form the subjunctive, in the second the opta- 
tive, and thus distinguishes them, the distinction in Hebrew can be seen only from 
the context. 

(ra) When both members are parallel in thought, the particle is translated if; when 
contrasted, it may be rendered by though. 

(n) Here, too, the Participle may be substituted for the Imperfect. 

(o) Notice that this Perfect is continued by a Perfect with Waw Consecutive, not 
by an Imperfect with Waw Consecutive, e. g., Gen. 43:9 ; Job 11:13,14. 

(p) Notice that this Perfect is continued by an Imperfect with Waw Consecutive, 
e. g., Judg. 9:16-19. 

(q) By the omission of the apodosis there arises a common expression for a wish 
that has not been realized, e. g., Josh.7:7; Isa. 48:18,19; 63:19. 



142 



HEBREW SYNTAX. 



[148. 



(r) By the omission of the protasis and the use of r\Pip O arise such cases as 
1 Sam. 13:13; Ex. 9:15, etc. 

(s) Here the Greek likewise employs past tenses in both protasis and apodosis. 

(t) Examine 2 Sam. 18:12; Ps. 81:14-17 and note the use of the Participle in the pro- 
tasis and the Imperfect in the apodosis (as, if I found him now, I would tell him). 

(u) Cf. § 23. 2. d., under which many of the cases here cited may also he classified, 
e. g., do this and live may be do this that you may live, or if you do this, you will live. 

(v) Here belong also DK . . . DK, if if, whether. . . .or, cf. £dv -re . . . kav n,, 

sivc . . . sive. 



REFERENCES 

Gen. 24:8; 32:9 3a. 

Gen. 32:29 9c. 

Gen. 33:13 la. 

Gen. 42 :15 9a. 

Gen. 42:18 85. 

Gen. 42:38 ..8a. 

Gen. 43:9 15. 

43.10 2d. 



Gen. 

Gen. 46:33. 
Ex. 4:14... 
Ex. 7:9 



16. 

8a. 

). 85. 

Ex. 7:9 le. 

Ex. 19:5 3a. 

Num. 10:17,18 8a. 

Num. 14:28 9a. 

Num. 15:24; 35:22-24 ....6a. 

Num. 32:23 35. 

Deut. 4:29a 8a. 

Deut. 6:20,21 3a. 

Deut. 32:26 7 

Deut. 32:27 Id. 

Deut. 32:41 5 

Josh. 14:9 9a. 

Judg. 5:8 9a. 

Judg. 6:18 8a. 

Judg. 9:16-20 95. 

Judg. 13:23 ...lc. 

1 Sam. 3:17- 9a. 

1 Sam. 17:34,35 8a. 

1 Sam 20 :6 3a. 

1 Sam. 25:34 Id. 

1 Sam. 25:34 7 

1 Sam. 26:19 6 

2 Sam. 2:27 2d. 

2 Sam. 3:35 9a. 

2 Sam. 15:33 1 5a. 



FOR STUDY. 

2 Sam. 17:9 s ....8c. 

2 Sam. 18:12 lc. 

2 Sam. 18:13 7a. 

lKgs.l:52 3 

lKgs. 8:30 8a. 

2Kgs.3:14 Id, 

2Kgs. 5:13 7a, 

2Kgs. 7:4 5a 

2Kgs. 7:2,19 8c. 

Isa. 1:15,18 4 

Isa. 6:13 



la. 



Isa. 8:9,10. 
Isa. 22:14.. 



Jer.2:22 ....4 

Jer. 18:478 8a. 

Jer. 33: 25,2fr 6 

Jer.49:9b : 55. 

Ezek. 33:9 6 

Hos. 12:12 35. 

Amos3:7 9c 

Amos 5:4,6 85. 

Ps. 7:4,5 6 

Ps. 7:4,5 15. 

Ps. 23:4; 27:3; 50:12 4 

Ps. 63:7; 94:18 .....5 

Ps. 73:15 , 7 

Ps. 75:3 3 

Ps. 119:15 85. 

Prov. 3:9,10; 4:8; 20:13,25 85- 

Prov. 6:22,31 la. 

Prov.25:21 5 

Job 7:4; 21:6 5a. 

Job 9:15,16 7a. 

Ruth 3:18 9c. 



INDEXES 



INDEX OF TOPICS. 



[The references are to sections, unless otherwise indicated.] 



Accusative of limitation 

6. 1. R. (a) ; 6. 2. B. (6) 

Accusative of specification 33. 8. a-d. 

Accusative with an Infinitive in de- 
pendent sentences 47. 2. a, b. 

Accusative with the passive, four 
cases of 35.1-4. 

Adjectival Imperfect 21. 4. 

Adjective in annexion with a follow- 
ing substantive 9. 1. 

Adjective, the .10. 

Adjective, treated as a substantive 
....10.1. a, b. 

Adjective used as a predicate 10. 3. 

Adjective used in an attributive sense 
10.2. a,b,c. 

Adjective, with the article prefixed. .5. 2. 

Adjectives, comparison of, how ex- 
pressed 10. 4. a, b. 

Adjectives, used as neuter substan- 
tives 2. 2. b. R. (c) 

Adjectives with a collective sense 
1.2.R.(c) 

Adverb following 1#K 13. 1. 

Adverb used as predicate 37. 4. c. 

Adverb used as subject 37. 1. 

Adverbial accusative as the predicate 
of a sentence 37. 4. c. 

Adverbial accusative designating 
time 33. 2. 

Adverbial accusative expressing des- 
ignations of extent, duration, 
amount 33. 3. 

Adverbial accusative expressing des- 
ignations of place 33. 1. a, b. 

Adverbial accusative expressing lim- 
itation 33. 8. a-d. 

Adverbial accusative expressing mode 
or manner 33. 5. 

Adverbial accusative expressing 
(rarely) the instrument 33. 6. 

Adverbial accusative expressing state 
or condition 33. 4. 

Adverbial accusative expressing the 
effect or consequence of the action 
of the verb 33. 7. 



Adverbial accusative of specification 
33. 8. a-d. 

Adverbial accusative remaining with 
the passive 35. 3. 

Agreement, exceptions to the general 
principles of 40. 4-7. 

Agreement of number and gender, 
general principles of 40. 1-3. 

D X in optative expressions 43. 3. b . 

OK as an interrogative particle..42. 4. a, b. 

Annexion 8,9. 

Annexion defined 8. 

Annexion, inseparability of words in.. 9. 2. 

Annexion, periphrasis for by means 
of the preposition 7 9. 5. 

Annexion, use of, to express the su- 
perlative idea 9. 4. 

Annexion, varieties of 8. 1-4. 

Antithesis, expressed by 1 44. 1. a. 

Apodosis of a conditional sentence, 
how introduced 48. 2. a-d. 

Apposition and Annexion closely 
related 6. 3. d. R. (c) 

Apposition, kinds of 6. 1, 2, 3. 

Apposition, verbal — 36. 1-5. 

Article may, contrary to the general 
law, stand between words in an- 
nexion 9. 2. a. 

Article not used with Infinitive Con- 
struct 29. 1. R. (a) 

Article, omitted after h'2 5. 1. a. (2) 

" in poetry 5.4. 

Article retaining its original demon- 
strative force 12. 1. c. 

Article, the, classification of 4. 3. 

Article, use of, with numerals. .15. 7. a, b. 

Tl^ , a particle, not a pronoun 13. 

Asyndeton, cases of 44. 4. a-d. 

nX, employment of 34. 1-11. 

Circumstantial clauses, three classes 
of 45. 1-3. 

Cognate Accusative - 32. 1-4 

Cohortati ve Imperfect 23. 

Cohortative, the, and the Arabic ener- 
getic 23. R. (d) 



146 



HEBREW SYNTAX 



Cohortative, the, expressing a wish or 
request 23. 2. c. 

Cohortative, the, indicating self -ex- 
citement 23. 2. b. 

Cohortative, the, in subordinate final 
Sentences 23. 2. d. 

Cohortative, the, marking a strong de- 
termination to do a given thing 23. 2. a. 

Collective Nouns, classification of..l, 1-4. 

Comparison of Adjectives, how ex- 
pressed 10. 4. a, b. 

Conditional Perfect 19. 4. 

Conditional sentence, introduction of 
the apodosis of a 48. 2. a-d. 

Conditional sentence, introduction of 
the protasis of a 48. 1. a-f. 

Conditional sentence, usage of tense 
in 48.3-7. 

Conditional sentences with one mem- 
ber omitted 48. 9. a-d. 

Conjunction employed in connecting 
circumstantial clauses with the 
principal clause. — 45. 1. 

Conjunction, omission of, before cir- 
cumstantial clauses 45. 2. 

Conjunction, the Copulative, demon- 
strative use of 44. 2. a-c. 

Conjunction, the Copulative, omission 
of 44. 4. a-d. 

Construct definite by position 9. 3. b. 

Construct incomplete, and in itself in- 
definite. ... 9. 3. 

Copulative sentences 44. 

Demonstrative pronoun 12. 

Demonstrative pronouns, antithetic 
use of 12.1. g. 

Demonstrative pronoun in attribu- 
tive position 12. 1. a. 

Demonstrative pronoun, omission of 
....12.1. f. 

Dependent sentences without intro- 
ductory particle 47. 1. d. 

Dependent sentences with the force 
of an object 47 1. b. 

Dependent sentences with the force 
of a subject 47. 1. a. 

Determination of nouns 4, 5. 

Direct discourse, how introduced. 47. 3. a. 

Direct discourse, occurrence of .47. 3. c. d. 

Direct questions introduced by , D or 

nn 12. 2. d. 

Distributives, how expressed 15. 9. a. 

Dual, the, use of 3. 5. a-c. 

Emphasis, how expressed 39. 1-7. 

Enclitic use of Kin 12. 1. e. R. (c) 

Exclamatory sentences 43. 1, 2. 

Fcminines in D\_ 2. 1. a. 

Feminine nouns, three classes of 2. 2. 

Fractions, how expressed 15. 9. c. 

Frequentative Imperfect— its origin. 
20.2.R.(/) 



Frequentative Imperfect, used to ex- 
press repeated acts, etc 20. 2. 

Future Imperfect, corresponding to 
future tense 22. 1. 

Future Perfect, what it denotes 19. 3. 

Gender of nouns ...2. 

Government of the Participle. . .27. 1. a, b. 

n , as an interrogative particle.. 42. 2. a-d. 

n , omission of, for euphonic reasons. 
' 42.2. R. (6) 

fcOn , employed as an interrogative 
particle 42.3. 

"•n , use of, in oaths 43. 2. b. 

He locative 9. 2. a. 

Historical Perfect 17.1. 

Imperative Imperfect 22. 3. a-d. 

Imperative, the, in poetry in place of 
the Imperfect 23. 1. R. (/) 

Imperfect, adjectival 21. 4. 

Imperfect as an indicative .23. 

Imperfect, cohortative.. 23. 

Imperfect, definite frequentative... 21. 2. 

Imperfect expressing general truths 
18.3. R. (6); 21.3.R.(&) 

Imperfect, frequentative, its origin 
20. 2.R.(/) 

Imperfect, future 22. 1. 

Imperfect, how it differs in usage 
from the participle 20. 2. R. (h) 

Imperfect, imperative 22. 3. a-d. 

Imperfect, incipient. 21. 1. 

Imperfect, incipient, in a series of 
perfects for the sake of vividness 
21.1.R.(a) 

Imperfeet, incipient, usage of . .20. 1. a, b. 

Imperfect in circumstantial clauses 
20.1.a.R.(d) 

Imperfect in clauses expressing time 
47. 5. a, b, d, e. 

Imperfect in clauses indicating pur- 
pose or intention.. 47. 4. b. 

Imperfect in clauses indicating result 
or consequence 47. 4. a. 

Imperfect in clauses of negative pur- 
pose 47. 4. c. 

Imperfect, indefinite frequentative. 21. 3. 

Imperfect inserted in a series of per- 
fects ..20.1. a. R.(c) 

Imperfect instead of the participle in 
descriptions 20. 1. a. R. (d) 

Imperfect, jussive 23. 

Imperfect, potential, denoting per- 
mission and concession 22. 2. b. 

Imperfect, potential, denoting possi- 
bility and capability 22. 2. a. 

Imperfect, subjunctive, in certain 
forms of conditional sentences.22. 4. b. 

Imperfect subjunctive in expressions 
of indefiniteness and uncertainty. 22. 4. a. 

Imperfect, subjunctive, in final sen- 
tences after conjunctions 22. 4. c. 



BY AN INDUCTIVE METHOD. 



147 



Imperfect, used of future events 22. 

Imperfect, used of past events 20. 

Imperfect, used of present events 21. 

Imperfect with Waw Conjunctive, 
26.2.a-c. 

Imperfect with Waw Consecutive 24. 

Imperfect with Waw Consecutive 
marking the apodosis 24. 2. g. 

Imperfect with "Waw Consecutive 
marking the relation of accessory 
circumstance 24. 2. d. 

Imperfect with Waw Consecutive 
marking the relation of amplifica- 
tion 24.2. e. 

Imperfect with Waw Consecutive 
marking the relation of chronolog- 
ical sequence 24. 2. a. 

Imperfect with Waw Consecutive 
marking the relation of conse- 
quence.. 24. 2. b. 

Imperfect with Waw Consecutive 
marking the relation of contrast. 
24.2. c. 

Imperfect with Waw Consecutive 
marking the relation of explana- 
tion 24. 2. f. 

Imperfect with Waw Consecutive, 
used to continue a sentence intro- 
duced by an infinitive or a parti- 
ciple 24.5. 

Imperfect with Waw Consecutive, 
used to describe events or condi- 
tions belonging to the past, pres- 
ent or future 24. 1. a-c. 

Incipient Imperfect, giving force and 
vividness to an action 21. 1. 

Incipient Imperfect in a series of per- 
fects for the sake of vividness 
21.1. It. (a) 

Incipient Imperfect representing an 
action as beginning or in move- 
ment 20.1. 

Incipient Imperfect, usage of.. .20. 1. a. b. 

Indefinite frequentative Imperfect, 
distinguished from the perfect of 
experience 21. 3. R. (o) ; cf. 18. 3. 

Indefinite frequentative Imperfect, 
used of truths universally admit- 
ted 21.3. 

Indefinite Past, perfect of 17. 3. 

Indefinite pronouns, variously ex- 
pressed 14. 2. a-f . 

Indefiniteness expressed by 1T\# 5. 3. 

Indirect questions introduced by , D 
or HD 12. *2. d. 

Infinitive Absolute after a Perfect, or 
an Imperfect with Waw Cons.. 28. 4. a. 

Infinitive Absolute as an adverbial 
accusative 28. 2. b. 

Infinitive Absolute as a substitute for 
the cohortative — 28. 5. d. 



Infinitive Absolute as a substitute for 
the Imperative 28. 5. c. 

Infinitive Absolute as a substitute for 
the Imperfect .28. 5. b. 

Infinitive Absolute as a substitute for 
the Perfect 28. 5. a. 

Infinitive Absolute as cognate or ab- 
solute accusative; various cases 
of 28. 3. a-d. 

Infinitive Absolute as the object of a 
finite verb 28. 2. a. 

Infinitive Absolute frequently in Qal 
when the finite verb is of a differ- 
ent stem 28. 3. R. (d) 

Infinitive Absolute governing a noun 
in the accusatwe 28. 1. 

Infinitive Absolute, use of, to con- 
tinue the verbal idea introduced 
by an Imperfect 28. 4. b. 

Infinitive Construct as a noun in the 
accusative 29. 1. d.. 

Infinitive Construct as a.noun in the 
genitive 29. 1. b, c. 

Infinitive Construct as a noun in the 
nominative 29. 1.. a. 

Infinitive Construct followed by sub- 
ject and object 29.2. c. 

Infinitive Construct followed by a 
subject, two cases ..29., 2. b., 

Infinitive Construct followed by direct 
object 29. 2. a. . 

Infinitive Construct followed by the 
Perfect or Imperfect with Waw 
Consecutive 29. 5. b.. 

Infinitive Construct used to continue 
a sentence introduced by an Im- 
perfect or Participle 29. 5. a. 

Infinitive Construct with ^ph^l 29. 6.. 

Infinitive Construct with 7 , force of 
the construction 29. 3. a-e.. 

Infinitive Construct with 7 when In- 
finitive alone would have an- 
swered ; three cases 29. 4. a-c. 

Infinitive in clauses expressing 
time 47.5. c, f, g, h. 

Infinitive in clauses indicating pur- 
pose or intention , 47.4. b. 

Infinitive in clauses of negative pur- 
pose 47. 4. c. 

Infinitive in dependent sentences . 47.2.a-c. 

Infinitive, the, never receives the arti- 
cle, exception 4. 1. b. R. (c) 

Interrogative Adverbs, partial list of 
42.6. a-e. 

Interrogative force, without interro- 
gative particle 42. 1. 

Interrogative pronouns used with a 
relative force 46. R. (a) 

Jussive Imperfect 23 

Jussive, the, and the Arabic Jussive 
23.R.(c) 



148 



HEBREW SYNTAX 



Jussive, the, a voluntative Imperfect. 33. 

Jussive, the, expressing a positive com- 
mand 23. 1. a. 

Jussive, the, expressing benediction, 
imprecation, threatening 23. 1. d. 

Jussive, the, expressing conditional 
or final ideas 23. 1. e. 

Jussive, the, expressing entreaty... 23. 1. c. 

Jussive, the, expressing permission^. 1. b. 

Jussive, the, in poetry in place of the 
Imperfect 23.1. R. (/) 

Jussive, the, is used only of the second 
and third persons 23. 1. 

*7 j , peculiarities of 8. 2. b. R. (ft) 

7, force of, with Infinitive Con- 
struct 29. 3. a-e. 

V) in optative expressions 43. 3. a. 

Masculine nouns, two classes of 2. 1. 

Masculines in p\) 2. 1. a. 

tlD as an indefinite pronoun 12. 2. e. 

HD may stand in any case 12. 2. c. 

^P and riD , difference between. 42. 5. a. b. 

"'p as an indefinite pronoun 12. 2. e. 

""D in optative expressions 43. 3. c. 

Negative combined with 73 or ETtf 
to express nothing, no one 41. 7. 

Negative, more than one employed at 
times for emphasis 41. 6. 

Negative, omission of, in the case of 
two successive negative sentences. 
41.8. 

Negative, the, with the Participle. . .41. 3. 

Negatives commonly used 41. 1. 

Negatives— difference between iO and 
7K • 41. l.a,b. 

Negatives employed with the Imper- 
fect and Jussive in prohibition. 
23.1.a.R. (g) 

Negatives, position of 41. 1. c. 

Negatives used with Nouns 41. 5. a-e. 

Negatives used with the Infinitive. 
..41.4.a-d. 

Negatives used with the Perfect and 
Imperfect 41. 2. a-f . 

Neuter, the 2.3. 

Nominative Absolute, cases of 7. 1-7. 

Noun, as the predicate of a sentence. 
37.4. b. 

Nouns, apposition of 0. 

Nouns (called epicene) distinguished 
as masculine or feminine only by 
construction 2. 2. a. (3) 

Nouns, collective, classification of ..1. 1-4. 

Nouns construed as feminine 2. 2. c. 

Nouns definite by position or con- 
struction 4. 2. 

Nouns definite in themselves 4. 1. 

Nouns, determination of 4 and 5. 

Nouns expressing weights and meas- 
ures, omission of 15. 2. c. R. (c) 



Nouns, feminine, three classes of 2. 2. 

Nouns, gender of 2. 

Nouns made determinate by prefix- 
ing the article 4. 3. 

Nouns, masculine, two classes of 2. 1. 

Nouns referring to female beings, 
feminine 2. 2. a. 

Noun, the, used collectively 1. 

Noun with a pronominal suffix, to be 
regarded as in annexion with that 
suffix 8. R. (ft) 

Number „ 3. 

Numeral Ad verbs how expressed.. 15. 9. b. 

Numerals and the article 15. 7. a, b. 

Numerals, various constructions of 
15.1-9. 

Omission of one of the members of 
a conditional sentence 48. 9. a-d. 

Optative sentences 43. 3. 

Order of words in a sentence 38. 1, 2. 

Ordinals, construction of 15. 8. a-c. 

Participle as a noun followed by 
another noun in the genitive... ,27. 1. a. 

Participle as a verb governing the fol- 
lowing noun as an accusative. .27. 1. b. 

Participle as a verb governing the fol- 
lowing noun by means of preposi- 
tions., .t- 27. 1. b. 

Participle followed by a Perfect or 
Imperfect 27. 5. b. 

Participle followed by a Perfect or 
Imperfect with "Waw Consecutive. 
27.5. c. 

Participle followed by h rather than 
by an accusative 27. 1. b. R. (d) 

Participle following an Imperfect. 27. 5. a. 

Participle, government of 27. 1. a, b. 

Participle, how it differs in usage 
from the Imperfect 20. 2. R. (h) 

Participle in annexion with a follow- 
ing substantive 9.1. 

Participle instead of the Imperfect, 
to mark a fact liable to recur. . . 27. 3. a. 

Participle in union with finite verbal 
forms.. 27, 5. a-c. 

Participle is, at times, followed by its 
subject when the verbal idea is to 
be emphasized. . , 27. 4. a. 

Participle preceded by njfi. .27. 2. c. R. (ft) 

Participle preceded by its subject. 27. 4. a. 

Participle, the passive, equivalent to 
the Latin participle in dus 27. 3. b. 

Participle, the tense of 27. 2. a-c. 

Participle, use of, with the article. 4. 3. f. 

Participle with a finite verb, a rare 
use in the earlier books. 27. 2. a. R. (g) 

Participle with subject omitted... 27. 4. b. 

Particles in optative expressions. 
: 43.3.a-c, 

Perfect, conditional, used in certain 
forms of conditional sentences. . .19. 4. 



BY AN INDUCTIVE METHOD. 



149 



Perfect, future, what it denotes 19. 3. 

Perfect, historical, employed in sim- 
ple narration 17.1. 

Perfect in clauses of time. A". 5. a, b, d, e. 

Perfect, indefinite 17. 3. 

Perfect inserted in a series of Imper- 
fects for variety or emphasis. .19. 2. b. 

Perfect of certainty 19. 1. 

Perfect of experience 18. 3. 

Perfect of the immediate past ..18. 1. 

Perfect, Plu-, what it denotes 17. 4. 

Perfect, precative, used to express a 
wish 19.4.R.(c) 

Perfect, present 17. 2. 

Perfect, prophetic, an extension of 
the Perfect of certainty 19. 2. 

Perfect, prophetic, cases of 19. 2. a-c. 

Perfect, stative, to express a physical 
or mental state 18. 2. 

Perfect tense 16. 1. 

Perfect tense, used of past events 17. 

Perfect, used in interrogation. 19. 4. R. (d) 

Perfect, used of future events 19. 

Perfect, used of present events 18. 

Perfect with Waw Conjunctive in- 
stead of the Imperfect with Waw 
Consecutive 26. 1. a-c. 

Perfect with Waw Consecutive 25. 

Perfect with Waw Consecutive, used 
to continue a sentence introduced 
by an infinitive or participle 25. 5. 

Perfect with Waw Consecutive, used 
to describe events or conditions 
belonging to the past 25. 1. a. 

Perfect with Waw Consecutive, used 
to describe events or conditions 
belonging to the present 25. 1. b. 

Perfect with Waw Consecutive, used 
to describe future events 25. 1. c. 

Perfect with Waw Consecutive with- 
out a preceding Imperfect (or equiv- 
alent) to introduce it 25. 2. a-d. 

Personal Pronoun and Suffixes 11. 

Personal Pronoun, employment of, 
aside from its ordinary use. .11. 1. a-d. 

Personification, in poetry, of nations, 
countries and cities, as female 
beings 2. 2. c. R. (h) 

Pluperfect, what it denotes 17. 4. 

Plural form, the, of certain nouns 
conveying a different shade of 
meaning from the singular 3. 3. 

Plural idea, the, how indicated. . .3. 1. a-c. 

Pluralizing, the, of compound ideas, 
how accomplished 3. 4. 

Plurals, anomalous 3. 5. c. 

Plural terminaton in the designation 
of ideas which in other languages 
employ the singular 3. 2. a-c. 

Potential Imperfect, cases under the — 
some are to be regarded as Indic- 
atives 22. 2. b. R. (b) 



Potential Imperfect, denoting permis- 
sion and concession 22. 2. b. 

Potential Imperfect denoting possi- 
bility and capability 22. 2. a. 

Precative Perfect, used to express a 
wish 19. 4. R. (c) 

Predicate, agreement of, when the 
subject is a nominative in the con- 
struct relation with a genitive. 
40. 5. a-c. 

Predicate of the sentence may be an 
adjective 37. 4. a. 

Predicate of the sentence may be a 
noun 37. 4. b. 

Predicate of the sentence may be a 
prepositional phrase, adverbial ac- 
cusative, or adverb 37. 4. c. 

Predicate, when followed by the sub- 
ject, may agree with it in gender 
and number 40. 2. a. 

Predicate, when followed by the sub- 
ject, may assume the primary form 
40. 2. b. 

Predicate, when preceded by the sub- 
ject, agrees with it in gender and 
number 40. 1. 

Predicate, when the subject is dual, 
generally stands in the plural 40. 3. 

Prepositional phrase, a, as the predi- 
cate of a sentence 37. 4. c. 

Prepositional phrase serving as the 
subject of a sentence 37. 1. 

Prepositions prefixed to the second of 
two nouns in annexion 9. 2. b. 

Present Perfect, what it denotes 17. 2. 

Pronominal Suffix, following "Ifc/tf re- 
ceives from it a relative meaning. 13. 1. 

Pronominal Suffixes (joined to parti- 
cles) serving as the subject of a 
sentence 37.1. 

Pronominal Suffixes substituted for 
the personal pronouns in all ob- 
lique cases 11. 2. a-d. 

Pronoun, Demonstrative and Inter- 
rogative 12. 

Pronoun, Demonstrative, connected 
attributively with a definite noun, 
has the article prefixed 5. 2. 

Pronoun, Interrogative, with a rela- 
tive force 46. R. (a) 

Pronoun, Personal, employment of. 
11.1. a-d. 

Proper Names seldom found in an- 
nexion ; apparent exceptions. 
8.1.a.R.(c) 

Prophetic Perfect, an extension of 
the Perfect of certainty 19. 2. 

Prophetic Perfect, different cases of. 
19. 2. a-c. 

Protasis of a conditional sentence, in- 
troduction of 48. 1. a-f . 

Relative Clause, how introduced 46. 



150 



HEBREW SYNTAX. 



Relative Clause, the expansion of an 
adjective or participle 46. 

Relative force of the interrogative 
pronouns 46. R. (a) 

Relative idea expressed by the article 
with a participle 13. 4. b. 

Relative idea expressed by the demon- 
strative HI 13. 4. a. 

Relative particle, omission of. 13. 3. 

Relative Pronoun .13. 

Reflexive Pronoun expressed by one 
of three constructions 14. 1. a-c. 

Relative sentences, five classes of . .46. 1-5. 

Relative sentences introduced by *1ty& 
followed by a special pronoun, pro- 
nominal suffix or adverb 46. 1. a-d. 

Relative sentences introduced by "^& 
not followed by a special pronoun, 
pronominal suffix or adverb. 46. 2. a-c. 

Relative sentences with antecedent 
cncluded in the relative particle 
46. 3. a-c. 

Relative sentences without an intro- 
ductory particle .46. 4 and 5. 

Sentence, a, sometimes interrogative, 
though lacking an interrogative 
particle 43. 1. 

Sentence, conditional, introduction of 
the apodosis of a 48. 2. a-d. 

Sentence, conditional, introduction of 
the protasis of 48. 1. a-f. 

Sentence, construction of, when the 
subject is impersonal 37. 3. a, b. 

Sentence, constructions of, when the 
subject is indefinite 37. 2. a-d. 

Sentence, order of words in a 38. 1. 2. 

Sentences, Circumstantial 45. 

Sentences, Conditional in force but 
not in form, classification of .48. 8. a-c. 

Sentences, Conditional, usage of tense 
in 48.3-7. 

Sentences, Conditional, with one mem- 
ber omitted 48. 9. a-d. 

Sentences, Copulative 44. 

Sentences, Dependent, without intro- 
ductory particle 47. 1. d. 

Sentences, Dependent, with the force 
of an object 47. 1. b. 

Sentences, Dependent, with the force 
of a subject 47. 1. a. 

Sentences, Exclamatory 43. 1. 2. 

Sentences, Optative .43. 3. 

Sentences, Relative, five classes of .46. 1-5. 

Sentences, Relative, introduced by 
n t?K 46. 1 and 2. 

Sentences, Relative, with antecedent 
included in the relative particle 
46. 3. a-c. 

Sentences, Relative, without an intro- 
ductory particle 46. 4, 5. 

Sentence, variation from the usual 
order of words in a 38. 3. a-d. 



Stative Perfect, to express a physical 
or mentalstate 18. 2. 

Subject and predicate united in one 
of four ways 37. 5. a-d. 

Subject, impersonal— construction of 
the sentence 37. 3. a, b. 

Subject indefinite— possible construc- 
tions of the sentence 37. 2. a-d. 

Subject of the participle, omission of 
27. 4. b. 

Subject of the participle, order of .27. 4. a. 

Subjunctive Imperfect in certain 
forms of conditional sentences. 
22. 4. b. 

Subjunctive Imperfect in expressions 
of indefiniteness and uncertainty. 
22.4.a. 

Subjunctive Imperfect in final sen- 
tences after conjunctions 22. 4. c. 

Tense has in itself no indication of the 
order of time ..16. R. (1) 

Tense in conditional sentences 48.3-7. 

Tense of the Participle 27. 2. a-c. 

Tenses in general , 16. 

Tenses, peculiarities of 16. 1, 2. 

Tenses, the distinction indicated by, 
not necessarily a real one 16. R. (6) 

Terms for the second person. .11. ]. R. (e) 

Union of subject and predicate. 37. 5. a-d. 

Use of WD2 with suffix to express a 
reflexive idea 8. 2. c. R. (d) 

Use of the article after 12 5. 1. a. 

Use of the article with the second part 
of a compound word 5. 1. b. 

Verbal apposition and subordination, 
various constructions of 36. 1-5. 

Verbs denoting fullness or want gov- 
ern the accusative 30. 2. 

Verbs denoting to clothe and unclothe 
govern the accusative 30. 3. 

Verbs denoting to go, or come, to dwell, 
govern the accusative 30. 4. 

Verbs (many), originally construed 
with prepositions, coming later to 
be taken transitively 30. 1. R. (a) 

Verbs of fullness and clothing taking 
in the passive an accusative 35. 4. 

Verbs originally intransitive coming 
to be regarded as transitive 30. 5. 

Verbs resuming their original transi- 
tive force 30. 5. 

Verbs with two accusatives in the 
active govern one in the passive 
31.R.(&) 

Verbs with two accusatives, seven 
classes 31. 1-7. 

Words never having the article 
4.1.b.R.(d) 

Words (two or more) joined by " and " 
cannot stand in annexion with a 
single genitive 9. 2. c. 



INDEX OF TEXTS. 



[The references are to sections, unless otherwise indicated.] 



Gen. 1:1... 


4.3.e. G< 


m. 2:7 


31. 6. 


Gen. 3:24.... 


....44.1. R. (a) 


" 1:1... 


17.1. 


4 3:8 


....13.1.R.(a) 


44 4:1 


1.2. 


44 1:1... 


30.1. 


4 2:8 


46.2. b. 


44 4:1 .... 


34. 1. 


" 1:1... 


38.1. a. 


4 2:9 


29.1.R.(a) 


44 4:2 


9. 1. a. 


" 1:1... 


38. 2. a. 


4 2:9 


...41.1). R. (c) 


44 4:2 


27.1. a. 


" 1:2... 


3. 1. a. 


4 2:9 


1.2. 


44 4:2 


29. 4. a. 


44 1:2... 


....6.1. e.R.(d) 


4 3:11.... 


4.3.d. 


'• 4:3 


24. 4. 


" 1:2... 


10.3.R.(e) 


14 3:11.... 


4. 3. f. 


44 4:6 


17.2. 


44 1:2... 


40.1. 


14 2:11.... 


13.1. 


44 4:7.... 


4. 3. b. 


11 1:3.... 


9. 2. a. 


14 2:13.... 


11.1.C. 


44 4:7 


22.3. b. 


44 1:3... 


23.1. a. 


11 3:13.... 


27. Lb. 


44 4:7 


....40.1. R. (a) 


" 1:4... 


34.1. 


4 2:16.... 


16.2. c 


44 4:7 


42.3. 


" 1:4... 


47. 1. c. 


14 2:16. . . . 


22.2. b. 


44 4:7 


.. .48.3. R. 0') 


44 1:5.... 


24.3.a. 


4 2:17.... 


..2.3. a. 


44 4:8 


24.2. a. 


" 1:7... 


46. 2. a. 


14 2:17.... 


44.1. a. 


44 4:9 


18.2. 


44 1:9... 


26. 2.b. 


4 2:18.... 


29.1. a. 


44 4:9 


42. 2. c. 


44 1:10... 


44.1. a. 


4 2:19.... 


11.1. d. 


41 4:10.... 


27. 2. b. 


44 1:11.. 


1.2. 


4 2:19.... 


..11.2.a.R. (/) 


44 4:10.... 


40. 5. b. 


44 1:12.. 


6. l.d. 


4 2:19... 


....34.1.R. (d) 


44 4:12. . . . 


.23. 1. a. R. (g) 


44 1:14.. 


3.1. a. 


4 2:23.... 


12.1.C. 


44 4:12.... 


47.5. a. 


44 1:14.. 


25.1. c. 


4 2:24.... 


25. l.b. 


44 4:14.... 


4. 3. a. 


44 1:14.. 


44.1.R. (b) 


4 2:24.. . 


34.1. 


44 4:15.... 


11. 2. b. 


44 1:16... 


2.1. a. 


4 2:25.... 


8. 2. a. 


44 4:15.... 


15.9. b. 


44 1:16.. 


5.2. 


4 3:1 

' 3:3 


37. 5. c 

11. 2. c. 


44 4:15.... 
44 4:17.... 


48. 8. c. 


44 1:16... 


8. 2. a. 


.27. 2. a. R. (fir) 


44 1:16.. 


10.2. 


4 3:4 


28.3. R. (b) 


44 4:18.... 


35.1. 


44 1:16.. 


15. 2. a. 


4 3:4 


38. 1. a. 


44 4:26 


11. La. 


44 1:20... 


9.3.b. 


4 3:5 


25.2. d. 


44 4:26.... 


.20. 1. b. R. (e) 


44 1:22... 


....23.1. a. n.(t) 


4 3:5 


27.1. a. 


44 5:2 


11. 2. a. 


44 1:22.. 


29. 3. e. 


4 3:5 


39: 2. b. 


44 5:5 


.24. 2. g. R. (a) 


44 1:22.. 


38. 2. c. 


4 3:7 


40. 2. a. 


44 5:5 


40.5. a. 


44 1:25.. 


1.2. 


4 3:8 

4 6:10.... 


14.1. a. 

14. 1. a. 


44 5:7 

44 5:7 


6.2. 


44 1:26.. 


3.2.C.R. (e) 


15.2. b. 


44 1:27.. 


9. 3. b. 


4 3:10.... 


24. 2. b. 


" 5:22.... 


4.3.e. 


44 1:27... 


11.2. a. 


4 3:11.... 


41. 4. a. 


44 5:22 


8.3.e. 


44 1:27.. 


24.3.a. 


4 3:11.... 


29.6. 


44 6:1 


29. 4. a. 


44 1:29.. 


8.2. b. 


4 3:11.... 


47. l.b. 


44 6:4 


12.1. b. 


44 1:29.. 


.-32.1. 


1 3:13 


2.3. a. 


44 6:4 

44 6:13 

41 6:14.... 


25. La. 


44 2:2... 


5.2. 


4 3:14.... 
4 3:15 


22. 3. a. 

33. 8. c. 


37.1. 


44 B:2... 


17.4. 


4.3. b. 


44 2:3... 


29.3.e. 


4 3:16.... 


16. 1. a. 


44 6:14 


.23. 1. a. R. (t) 


44 2:4... 


29.1.b. 


4 3:16.... 


....44. 1.R. (b) 


44 6:17 


6. La. 


" 2:4... 


29.2. c. 


4 3:20.... 


14.2. a. 


44 6:17,18. 


25. Lc. 


44 2:5... 


20. Lb. 


4 3:22.... 


25.1. c. 


44 6:18 


....lLl.R.(ib) 


44 2:5.. 


29. 3. d. 

41.2. a. 


4 3:22.... 
4 3:22.... 


..25.1.C. R. (/) 
22.4. c. 


" 7:2 


6.3 b. 


44 2:5... 


44 7:4 


15. 4 


44 2:6... 


25. 1. a. 


4 3:22.... 


47.4. c 


44 7:4 


27. 2. c. 



152 



HEBREW SYNTAX 



Gen. 7:7.... 


40.6. 


Gen. 14:13. . 


....4.3. d. R. (h) 


Gen. 18:31... 


15. 7. a. 


" 7:9.... 


15.9.a 


'" 14:18.. 


9. 5. b. 


" 19:1.... 


33.8. b. 


" 7:13... 


....3.1. a. R. (a) 
8.3.c. 


" 14:19.. 
" 14:19.. 


...9. 2. c. R. (c) 
43. 2. a. 


" 19:1.... 


44. 3. 


" 7:13... 


" 19:5.... 


4. 3. a. 


" 7:30... 


33. 3. 


" 14:33.. 


18. 1. 


" 19:5.... 


13. Lc. 


" 7:33... 


12. 1. f. 

28. 3. d. 

...15. 8. c. R. (g) 


" 14:33. . 
" 14:34.. 
" 15:1... 


48. 9. a. 

48.9. a. 

13. 1. a. 


" 19:8.... 


14. 3. d. 


rt 8:3,5.. 


" 19:11... 


4, 3. d. 


" 8:5.... 


" 19:12... 


14. 3. b. 


" 8:8.... 


.........43.3. d. 


" 15:1... 


5.2. 


" 19:13... 


.......46. R. (a) 


" 8:13... 


41. 1. a. 


" 15:1... 


..28.2. b, R. (g) 


" 19:18... 


..41. Lc. R. (c) 


" 8:13... 


..45. 3. b. R. (d) 


" 15:3. . . 


. .11. 2. d. R. (k) 


" 19:19... 


....11. LR. (e) 


" 8:14.... 


9.5.d. 


" 15:4 . . 


..44.1. a. R. (d) 


" 19:19... 


28.3. b. 


" 8:17... 


35. 1. c. 


" 15:6... 


36.1.0. 


" 19:34... 


ll.l.R.(c) 


" 8:31... 


8. 1. a. 


" 15:6... 


31. 5. 


" 19:30... 


47.3. c. 


" 9:3.... 


8. 1. b. 


" 15:8.... 


22.1. 


" 19:33... 


31.1. 


" 9:3.... 


46. 1. a. 


" 15:13... 


4.3.e. 


" 19:33... 


5.3. 


" 9:4.... 


44. 4. b. 


" 15:13.. 


29. 3. b. 


" 20:1.... 


..33. La. R. (c) 


" 9:7.... 


..45. 3. b. R. (d) 


t; 15:13.. 


,.13.3. a. 


" 31:3. . . . 


....13. 1. R. (a) 


" 9:11... 


41. 1. a. 


" 15:13. . 


46. 4. a. 


" 21:3.... 


13. 4.b. 


" 9:14... 


35. 4. a. 


" 15:17.. 


24. 4. 


" 31:5.... 


39.1. c. 


" 9:30... 


. . . .9. 3. b. R. (c) 


" 15:17.. 


45. 2. e. 


'• 31:7. .. 


....19. 4. R. (d) 


" 9:33... 


...11.3. a. R. (/) 


" 15:18.. 


6. 3. d. 


" 21:16... 


. .28. 2. b. R. (flO 


" 9:34... 


34.3. 


'■* 15:18.. 


8.3.C. 


" 21:22... 


24.4. 


11 9:35... 


9. 4. a. 


" 15:18. . 


19.1. 


" 21:25... 


26. Lc. 


11 10:4... 


46. 1. d. 


" 16:7... 


.. 9.3. b. R. (c) 


" 21:30... 


16. 2. c. 


" 10:8... 


17.1. 


" 16:8... 


..33.3. d. R. (c) 


" 21:30... 


47. 4. b. 


" 10:9... 


21.2. 


" 16:13.. 


8. 3. b. 


" 23:3.... 


...23.1.a.R. (i) 


" 11:1... 


....Me. R. (d) 


" 16:12.. 


23. 1. 


" 33:3.... 


3.3. 


" 11:3... 


4.3. d. 


" 17:3... 


6. 3. a. 


" 33:5.... 


33. 2. a. 


" 11:7... 


. . . .3. 3. c. R. (6) 


" 17:4... 


7. 4. 


" 32:6.... 


4.3. b. 


" 11:7... 


33. 4. c. 


" 17:5... 


..37.2. a. R. (b) 


" 23:13... 


44. 1. d. 


" 11:7... 


47.4. c. 


" 17:9... 


38. 3. c. 


" 33:30... 


. 6. 1. c. R. (c) 


" 11:9... 


37.3. b. 


" 17:10.. 


38.5. R. (b) 


" 33:34... 


39. 2. c. 


" 11:10. . 


15. 6. 


" 17:13. . 
" 17:17.. 


9. Lb. 

15. 6. 


" 33:4.... 
" 33:11... 


2. Lb. 


" 11:38.. 


....8.1. a. R. (c) 


19.1. 


" 13:1... 


11. 3. c. 


" 17:18.. 


43.3. a. 


" 33:13... 


43. 3. a. 


" 12:1... 


39. 7. 


" 17:19. . 


.. 37.2. c. 


" 33:19... 


..11. Lb. 


" 13:3... 


33. 3. a. 


" 17:30.. 


25.1. c. 


" 34:3. . . . 


9.2. c. 


" 13:4... 


.15.5. 


" 17:35.. 


34.8. 


" 24:3.... 


.44.1. a. R. (d) 


" 13:8... 


45.3. d. 


" 18:1... 


37. 3. a. 


" 24:4.... 


..6.L0. R. (c) 


" 13:13.. 


32. 1. 


" 18:1... 


33. Lb. 


" 34:8.... 


.41. 1. a. R. (a) 


" 13:13. . 


....25. 1. c. 


"■ 18:1... 


45. Lb. 


" 24:10. . . 


3. 5.b. 


" 13:13.. 


. .25. 1. c. R. (/) 


" 18:3.... 


ILL R. (e) 


" 24:14... 


3. 3. a. 


" 13:19.. 


34. 3. b. 


" 18:3.... 


..11.2. d. R. (k) 


" 3-1:14... 


.25. 1. c. R. (/) 


" 13:1.... 


11.1. R. (&) 


" 18:6... 


6.3. 


" 24:15... 


.20. 1. b. R. (e) 


" 13:3... 


...4.3. d. R. (b) 


" 18:9.... 


37. 5.d. 


" 24:32... 


.15. 2. c. R. (c) 


" 13:7... 


4. 3. d. 


" 18:13... 


14.1.0. 


" 34:33.... 


12. 3. b. 


" 13:8... 


41. 1. b. 


" 18:13.. 


19.4. R.(d)- 


" 24:30.... 


.39. 2. b. R. (g) 


" 13:9. . . 


... 33. 1. a. 


" 18:13... 


43.3. R.tf)) 


'* 34:36.... 


....ILL R. (c) 


" 13:9... 


48. 3. c. 


" 18:13.. 


13. 1. e. 


" 24:49... 


37. Lb. 


" 13:10.. 


4. 3. e. 


" 18:14.. 


14.2. b. 


" 34:56... 


.33. 1. a. R. (i) 


" 13:10.. 


37.3. d. 


" 18:18... 


25. 1. c. 


" 24:56... 


45. La. 


" 13:11.. 


14. 3. f. 


" 18:30... 


8. 1. b. 


" 24:58.... 


42.2. a. 


" 13:15.. 


7.5. 


" 18:31.. 


4.3.L 


" 24:62, 63 


24.1. a. 


" 13:16.. 


23. 4. b. 


" 18:21 .. 


13. 4. b. 


" 24:63.., 


2. 2. a. 


"" 13:16.. 


39. 4. b. 


" 18:35... 


29. 3. a. 


" 24:65.... 


12. 2. a. 


" 13:16.. 


48. 4. 


" 18:35... 


43. 3. c. 


" 24:65 ... 


4. 3. c. 


" 14:1... 


34. 4. . 


" 18:36... 


48.1. b. 


" 25:1.... 


36. 1. 


" 14:8 .. 


11. 1. b. 


" 18:36... 


48. 3. a. 


" 25:33.... 


8. 3. a. 


" 14:10.. 


...6.1. e. R. (d) 


" 18:38... 


30. 3. 


" 26:10.... 


..35.1. c. R.(/) 


" 14:10.. 


6.3.C 


" 18:39... 


15. 7. a. 


11 26:18... 


36.1. 


" 14:10... 


. .33. 1. a. R. (c) | 


" 18:30... 


33. 1. c. 


" 36:33 .. 


25.3. b. 



BY AN INDUCTIVE METHOD. 



153 



Gen 


.26:28. .. 


28. a. 


Gen 


. 34:21... 


7. 7. 


Gen. 42:29.. 


2.3.b, 


" 


26:32.... 


13. I.E. a. 


" 


35:13... 


46.2. c. 


" 42:35.. 


45. 3. a. 


" 


27:1 


10. 2. 


" 


35:26... 


40. 1. R. (a) 


" 42:37... 


48. 2. a. 


it 


27:1.... 


29.1. c. 


" 


37:2. . . . 


..27.2. a. R. (g) 


" 42:37.. 


48.3. 


" 


27:1 


41. 4. d. 


tt 


37:2.... 


45.1.d. 


" 43:3... 


28. 3. a. 


" 


27:4 


.......23. 2. d. 


tt 


37:3.... 


..10.4.a.R. (/) 


" 43:3.... 


45.2. e. 


u 


27:4 


48.8. t>. 


tt 


37:5.... 


32.1. 


" 43:9... 


19.4. 


" 


27:12.... 


.25. 1. c. R. (/) 


" 


37:5.... 


36.3. 


" 43:9... 


48.5. R. (o) 


" 


27:20.... 


36. 3. 


" 


37:5,6.. 


24. 2. e. 


" 43:9... 


48. 5. a. 


" 


27:23,24. 


24.2. e. 


" 


37:7.... 


20. R. (a) 


" 43:16.. 


46.3. R. (e) 


it 


27:30.... 


45.2. e. 


tt 


37:7.... 


27.2. a. 


" 43:16... 


46.3. c. 


" 


27:33.... 


24.5. 


tt 


37:8.... 


32.4. 


" 43:17.. 


9. 2. a. 


tt 


27:36.... 


12. Le. 


" 


37:8.... 


39. 5.b. 


" 43:20.. 


43.1.b. 


" 


27:36.... 


31.5. 


tt 


37:15... 


21.1. 


" 43:23.. 


43. 2. a. 


" 


27:36.... 


....42.3. R. (c) 


tt 


37:16... 


.. 27. 2.b. 


" 43:27... 


37.4. c. 


tt 


27:37.... 


31.3. 


tt 


37:16... 


38. 3. b. 


" 43:27.. 


42. 2. a. 


tt 


27:42.... 


34. 11. 


tt 


37:19... 


8.3.e. 


" 44:12.. 


45. 2. a. 


" 


27:42.... 


35.1. 


tt 


37:19... 


10.5. 


" 44:18. . 


11.1. R. (e) 


" 


27:42.... 


.37. 2. a. R. (b) 


tt 


37:20... 


1.2. 


" 44:18... 


22. 3. c. 


lv 


27:44.... 


15.1. 


" 


37:25... 


1.3. 


" 44:22... 


48. La. 


tt 


27:45... 


15.1. 


tt 


37:26. . 


..25.1.C. R. (/) 


" 44:22... 


48.8.a. 


u 


28:12 ... 


38.1.C. 


" 


37:29... 


37. 5. d. 


" 44:33... 


23.1.C. 


" 


28:12.... 


45. l.b. 


tt 


37:29... 


41. 5. b. 


" 45:4.... 


46.1. R. (c) 


M 


28:13.... 


7.1. 


tt 


37:33... 


28. 3. R.(d) 


" 45:8... 


..44.1. a. R. (d) 


" 


28:15.... 


....19.3. R. (Z>) 


t 


37:35... 


33.4. 


" 45:25.. 


30.4. 


tt 


28:17.... 


10.2. 


" 


38:5. .. 


11. 2. b. 


" 46:4... 


..28. 3. a. R. (e) 


" 


28:17.... 


12.1. a. 


" 


38:9.... 


47.4. c. 


" 46:18.. 


15.3. 


It 


28:17.... 


.12. 2. e. R. (g) 


tt 


38:10... 


46.3. R. (e) 


" 46:18.. 


15.3.R.(d) 


tt 


28:17.... 


27. 3. b. 


" 


38:11... 


47.5. e. 


" 46:34.. 


3.2.b. 


tl 


28:19.... 


4.2.C, 


" 


38:17... 


...11.2.a.R.(/) 


" 47:8.... 


42. 6. b. 


tt 


28:20,21. 


.25. 1. c. R. (/) 


" 


38:25... 


45. 3. b. 


44 47:9... 


...6. 1. e. R. (d) 


tt 


29:2 


....20.2. R. (h) 


" 


39:9.... 


..25.1.C. R.(/) 


" 47:9.... 


...8.3. f. R. (d) 


" 


29:7 


29. l.b. 


tt 


39:18... 


24. 5. 


" 47:21.. 


39. 2. a. 


" 


29:15.... 


....42.3. R. (c) 


" 


39:18... 


...29.2. c. R. (i) 


" 47:29... 


25.1.C. 


tt 


29:30.... 


10. 4. a. 


" 


39:18... 


29. 5. b. 


" 48:6.... 


19.3. 


" 


29:35.... 


4. 3. a. 


tt 


39:23... 


41.3. 


" 48:19. . 


11. 1. R. (b) 


tt 


30:28.... 


48. 8. b. 


'* 


40:1.... 


...9.2. c. R. (e) 


" 49:1.... 


46.3. R. (e) 


tt 


30:30.... 


42.6. a. 


" 


40:3.... 


...8.3.f. R. (d) 


" 49:10... 


. .45. 3. b. R. (d) 


" 


31:8 


....48.3. R. (7c) 


tt 


40:5.... 


.........14. 2. a. 


" 49:11.. 


...9.2. a. R. (a) 


" 


31:9 


2.1. c. 


tt 


40:7.... 


42. 6. e. 


" 49:27... 


21.4. 


to 


31:13.... 


..9.3. a. R. (a) 


" 


40:9.. ~ 


44. 2. a. 


" 50:5... 


23.2. c. 


" 


31:15.... 


.28. 3. a. R. (e) 


" 


40:13... 


25. l.c. 


Ex. 1:5.... 


..15.4. 


" 


31:15.... 


.28. 3. c. R. (g) 


" 


40:14... 


25. 2. d. 


" 1:5.... 


...46.2. c. 


tt 


31:20.... 


.13. 4. b. R. (e) 


" 


40:14... 


44. 2. c. 


" 1:6.... 


5.1. a. 


" 


31:20.... 


41. 2. d. 


tt 


40:15... 


. .22. 3. d. R. (e) 


" 1:7.... 


17.1. 


tt 


31:22.. . 


....13.2. R. (c) 


" 


'41:1.... 


6. I.e. 


" 1:7 ... 


35.4. 


tt 


31:22ff.. 


. .4. 1. a. R. (a) 


it 


41:12... 


9.5.b. 


" 1:10... 


„.40.4.b. 


It 


31:32... 


46.3. c. 


" 


41:15... 


22.2. a. 


" 2:1.... 


34.1.R. (b) 


" 


31:42.... 


48. 2. d. 


" 


41:15... 


47. 3. b. 


" 2:3.... 


..11.2. a. R. (/) 


tt 


31:50.... 


41. 5. b. 


" 


41:17... 


39.1. 


" 2:6.... 


. .11. 2. a. R. (fir) 


tt 


32:6 


...23.2. R. (m) 


" 


41:23... 


2. l.c. 


" 2:6... 


39.3. 


tt 


32:11.... 


18.2. 


" 


41:25... 


7.7. 


" 2:7.... 


..25.1.C. R. (/) 


tt 


32:16.... 


2. 2. a. 


" 


41:33... 


23. 1. b. 


" 2:9.... 


4.3.b. 


" 


32:27.... 


48.9. c. 


tt 


41:35... 


10.2. 


" 2:10... 


24. 2. d. 


tt 


32:31.... 


24. 1. a. 


tt 


41:38... 


14. 2. e. 


" 2:13... 


22. 3. d. 


tt 


32:31.... 


33.5. 


tt 


41:40... 


33.8. a. 


" 2:13.... 


42. 6. d. 


" 


33:5. .. 


10. 2. a. 


tt 


41:49. . . 


8.2.d. 


" 2:17... 


2.1.c. 


" 


33:5.... 


31.4. 


" 


42:7,30. 


2.3.b. 


" 2:18... 


42.6. e. 


tt 


33:8.... 


10. 2. a. 


tt 


42:11... 


..37.5.C.R. (/) 


M 3:1 


...27. 2. a. 


tt 


33:8 


42. 5. a. 


" 


42:18... 


23.1.d. 


" 3:7.... 


4.2.b. 


tt 


33:18.... 


33.1. a. 


" 


42:19... 


...9.3.b. R. (c) 


" 3:7.... 


28. 3. a. 


tt 


34:8 


7.2. 


*' 


42:25... 


3.3. 


" 3:11... 


22. 3. d, 



154 



HEBREW SYNTAX 



Ex. 3:16 

" 3:18 , 

" 3:19 

" 4:1 

" 4:5 

" 4:10 

" 4:10.,... 

" 4:10 

" 4:10 

" 4:13...... 

" 4:13 

" 4:14 , 

" 4:21 , 

" 4:22,23. . . 

" 4:26 

" 5:7 

" 5:10 

11 5:11 

" 5:16 

" 5:16 

" 5:16 

" 5:23 

" 5:23 

" 6:1 

" 6:3 - 

" 6:28 

" 7:20 

" 8:2,13,14. 

" 8:20..... 

" 8:22 

" 8:22 

" 9:5 

" 9:15 

" 9:15 

" 9:18 

" 9:20,21... 

" 9:27 

" 9:31 

" 10:3..... 

" 10:14.... 

" 10:25.... 

" 12:3 

" 12:15.... 

" 12:49.... 

" 13:2 

" 13:7 

" 13:15.... 

" 13: 15. . . 

" 13:21,22. 

" 14:2 

" 14:5 

" 14:12.... 

" 14:20.... 

" 15:1 

" 15:1..... 

" 15:4 

" 15:5 

" 15:11.... 

" 15:12,14.. 

" 15:15.... 

" 16:3 

" 16:6 



25.1.C. 

23.2. c. 

29. 4. c. 

48. 1. b. R. (b) 

47. 4. b. 

8.3.e. 

9. I.e. 

, 10. 5. 

47. 5. g. 

13. 3. b. 

, 46. 5. a. 

22. 2. a. 

....13.1. R. (a) 

24. l.b. 

.20. 1. b. R. (6) 

25.1. c. 

41.3. 

22. 4. a. 

27. 4. b. 

37. 5. d. 

41.3. 

...28.3. R. (/) 

47. 5. g. 

.16.2. c. 

33. 8. d. 

8.2.e. 

....30. 5. R. (c) 
. .2. 2. b. R. (6) 

20. R. (a) 

25.3. 

.48. 1. b. R. (b) 

16. 2. c. 

.48. 2. d. R. (h) 
. ...48.7. R.(r) 

....13.1. 

.41. 1. c. R. (d) 

..37. 4. a. 

..6.1. e. R. (d) 
....19.4. R. (d) 

14.2. e. 

. . . .44. 1. R. (c) 
.15. 8. c. R. (g) 

25.2. d. 

15.1. 

5.1. a. 

34. 7. 

16: 2. b. 

21. 2. 

..41.1. c. R. (d) 

26. 2. a. 

.38.2.C. R. (/) 

42. 3. 

14.2. f. 

16. 2. a. 

20. l.b. 

.40. 5. c. R. (g) 

20. 1. a. 

9.1.C 

, .20. 1. a. R. (b) 
.20. 1. b. R. (6) 

43. 3. c. 

25.2. d. 



Ex. 



16:13.... 

16:21 

16:22 .... 

16:27 

16:27 

16:29 .. 
16:29.... 
17:1..... 
17:2..... 

17:5 

17:12.... 
17:16.... 
17:16.... 
18:20.... 
18:26.... 
18:26.... 

19:8 

19:13.... 
19:19.... 
19:19.... 

20:8 

20:8 

20:9 

20:12.... 
20:14.... 
20:14.... 
20:20.... 
20:20.... 
20:20.... 
21:2-5... 
21:12.... 
21:20.... 
21:20,22,S 
21:28.... 
21:28.... 
21:29 ... 
21:37.... 

23:8 

23:14.... 
23:17.... 
23:30.... 

24:5 

24:10.... 
25:12.... 
25:14.... 

28:2 

28:34.... 
28:43.... 

29:3 

29:9 

30:36.... 
31:14.... 

32:1 

32:19.... 
32:32.... 

33:7 

33:10.... 
33:14.... 
33:16.... 

34:7 

38:27.... 
40:37.... 



.2. 2. b. R. (e) 

14.2. a. 

14. 2. a. 

14: 2. c. 

37.1. 

3.5.b. 

14. 2. b. 

29. 2, b. 

42. 5. b. 

14.2. c. 

14.2. f. 

6.3.b. 

...44.4. R. (g) 

46. 4. c. 

25.2. a. 

.25. 2. a. R. (a) 
.11. 2. d. R. (k) 
...28. 3. R. (d) 

16.2. a. 

36.1. 

.......29. 3. a. 

..47.4. b. 

.......28. 5. c. 

......23. La. 

.......22. 3. a. 

40.1. a. 

11. 2. d. 

29.1. c. 

." 41.2. b. 

.48. 1. e. R. (/) 

25.5. 

.25. 1. c. R. (/) 
!8...28.3.R. (d) 
...34.1. R. (b) 

34.4. 

.40. 4. b. R. (e) 

... 2.2. a. 

26. 2. b. 

15.9. b. 

.15.9.b. 

.25. 1. c. R. (/) 

6.1. b. 

8.2. c. 

3.3. 

4. 3.e. 

8.3.d. 

.39. 5. a. R. (e) 
.25. 1. c. R. (/) 

5.3. 

31.2. 

.28. 2. b. R. (g) 

40. 7. a. 

.10.2. a. R. (b) 
.......47. 5.b. 

48.9. b. 

25. 4. b. 

48. 8. a. 

8. 2.c. 

25.5. 

...28.3.R.(/) 

15.6. 

...48.3. R. (7c) 



Lev. 



Num.1 

" 1 

" 1 

" 3 

" 3 

" 5 

" 5 



25 

44 

32 

41. ... 

23 

27 

15 



16: 



4...., 
3,4... 
49... 
34... 
43.... 
17..., 
11.... 
26.... 
20... 
23.... 
14... 

9 

13.... 
18.... 



2,3... 

24.... 



1 

5 

17.... 

1 

2 

7 



35.... 

13..., 
16:27.... 
16:29..., 
16 



5.... 
21.... 
11..., 

14,15. 



30.... 
33.... 

1 

3 



10..., 
17.... 
17.... 



25. Lc. 

14. 2. b. 

.25. 1. c. R. (/) 
...34. 4.R.(/) 

34.2. 

37. R. (g) 

...35.2. 

..9.3.b. R.(c) 

47. 5. b. 

14. 2. d. 

... ..39, 6. 

...11.1.R. (b) 
...28.3. R. (d) 

5. La. 

...34.4. R. (/) 
....48. 3. R. (j) 

3.2. b. 

15. 9. b. 

32.2. 

6.1.R.(a) 

37.2. d. 

13.2. 

..4. Lb. n.(b) 

3.4. 

....15.4. R. (6) 
....15.3. R/(d) 

9. 4. a. 

15. 7. b. 

38. 3. d. 

...... .48. 6. a. 

.29. 2. a. 

...18.2. 

40.6. 

....34.1.R. (d) 

12. Le. 

40. 5. a. 

........43.3. a. 

10.3. 

43. 2. b. 

48. 9. a. 

28. 4. b. 

..28.3. a. R.(e) 

45.2. c. 

41. I.e. 

........15. 7. b. 

22. 4. c. 

.39. 5. a. R. (e). 

15. 9. b. 

24.2. f. 

13. 2. 

.25. 1. c. R. (/) 

36. R. (d) 

... 46.1. R. (c) 

11. 2. b. 

15. 2. b. 

.12.2.e.R.(/) 
.12. 2. e. R. (g) 

..15. 2. b. 

40. 7.a. 

28. 3. b. 

16. Lc. 

19. 2. a. 



BY AN INDUCTIYE METHOD. 



155 



Num.26:55... 


35.1. 


Deut.l2:6.... 


....34.1.R.(d) 


Josh.9:8 


.22. 3. d. R. (c) 


" 28:6. . . . 


8.3.b. 


" 12:23.... 


7.6. 


" 


10:24... 


4.3.b. 


11 30:6.... 


48.6. 


" 12:23.... 


29.6. 


" 


10:24.... 


13. 4. b. 


" 31:49.... 


5.1. 


" 12:23.... 


37.5. b. 


a 


13:33... 


8.3.C. 


" 31:49.... 


9. 3. a. 


" 14:12-18. 


....34.1.R.(d) 


" 


14:11.... 


.29. 2. c. R. (ft) 


" 32:1.... 


.4.1. a. R. (a) 


" 14:21.... 


28. 4. b. 


" 


15:3-11. 


.25. 2. a. R. (b) 


" 32:7.... 


41. 4. d. 


" 15:3 


23.1. a. 


it 


15:19.... 


11. 2. a. 


" 34:2.... 


6. I.e. 


" 15:9 


15. 8. c. 


" 


16:2,3,6/ 


',8 


" 35:14... 


8. 2. a. 


" 16:20.... 


39. 5. a. 






..25. 2. a. R.(b) 


" 35:22b.. 


8.2.d. 


" 17:13.... 


26.2. b. 


" 


17:3.... 


.44. 1. a. R. (d) 


" 35:23.... 


41. 4. c. 


" 17:19. 20. 


41.4. a. 


tt 


17:3.... 


.48. 1. f. R. (g) 


" 35:28... 


22. 2. b. 


" 18:16.... 


....23.1. R. (6) 


" 


17:9.... 


.25. 2. a. R. (b) 


Deut.l:2 .... 


15.3. 


" 18:21.... 


42. 6. c. 


" 


17:18... 


.44. 1. a. R. (d) 


" 1:2 


....15.3. R. (d) 


" 19:13.... 


8. 3. a. 


" 


18:12-21 


.25. 2. a. R. (b) 


" 1:3 


..15. 8.c. R.(flf) 


" 19:13.... 


10.1. a. 


" 


21:39... 


15.5. 


" 1:12.... 


42. 6. c. 


" 21:1 


45. 2. a, 


" 


22:3 


12.1. e. 


" 1:13.... 


15. 8. b. 


" 21:14.... 


....28.3.R.(/) 


" 


22:18.... 


45. 2. e. 


" 1:15.... 


4.2.b. 


" 22:2 


29. 2. c. 


(i 


23:14... 


10.2. 


" 1:15 


9.3.b. 


" 22:2 


..29.2. c. R. ft) 


" 


24:10... 


....28.3. R.(d) 


" 1:23.... 


15.3. 


" 22:8.... 


37. 2. c. 


Judg.l:7 


45.2. c. 


" 1:23.... 


15.9. a. 


" 22:19.... 


..9.3.b. R. (c) 


"• 


3:15.... 


5.1. b. 


" 1:27 


29. 2. c. 


" 22:26.... 


.25. 1. c. R. (/) 


" 


3:16.... 


14.1. b. 


" 1:44.... 


4.3.d. 


" 26:5 


8.3. b. 


" 


5:4 


....30. 2. R. (b) 


" 1:44.... 


21.3. 


" 26:15.... 


.23. 1. a. R. Qi) 


' w 


5:23.... 


28. 3. c. 


" 2:14 


4.2.C. 


" 2:76.... 


2.1. a. 


ti 


6:3 


25. 4. b. 


" 2:14.... 


47.5. e. 


" 28:27... 


47. 4. a. 


ti 


6:5 


44. 1. R.(a) 


" 2:24.... 


36.2. 


" 28:49 .... 


13. 1. 


" 


6:16-19. 


...48.6. R.(p) 


" 2:25.... 


..25.1. c.R.(/) 


■ " 28:49... 


46.1.C. 


" 


6:25.... 


44. 1. c. 


" 2:30.... 


26. La. 


" 29:12.... 


29.2. a. 


" 


6:27.... 


47. 2. c. 


" 2:34.... 


34.3. 


11 30:19. . . . 


25. 2. c. 


" 


7:4 


..12.1. b. R, (a) 


" 3:6 


28.1. 


" 31:12... 


36.1. 


" 


7:14 ... 


41. 5. c. 


" 3:18.... 


8. 3.e. 


" 32:1.... 


4.3.e. 


" 


7:17.... 


..25. 2. d. R. (d) 


" 3:18.... 


10.5. 


" 32:5.... 


8. 2.d. 


" 


7:19.... 


28. 4. a. 


" 3:21.... 


43. 2.b. 


" 32:6.... 


41. 5. a. 


" 


7:19.... 


39. 5. b. 


" 3:24.... 


..12.2. e. R. (0) 


" 32:10... 


16,2. a. 


" 


8:5 


3.3. 


" 3:26.... 


41. l.b. 


" 32:10... 


20.1. a. 


tt 


8:11.... 


...9.3. a. R. (a) 


11 4:1 


27. 2. b. 


" 32:21... 


8. 2. d; 41. 5. a. 


" 


8:11.... 


33. R. (a) 


" 4:5 


38. 1. b. 


" 32:29... 


48. 1. c. 


n 


8:11.... 


44.3. 


" 4:11.... 


45. l.b. 


" 32:29... 


48. 7. a. 


n. 


8:19.... 


19.4. 


" 4:27.... 


6. I.e. 


" 32:31... 


. .44. 1. d. R. (e) 


" 


8:19.... 


48.7. 


" 4:33.... 


24. 2. c. 


11 32:35... 


20. R. (a) 


" 


9:1 


....8.3.f.R.(d) 


" 4:42.... 


22. 4. a. 


" 32:41... 


48. 5. 


" 


9:2 


29. 2. b. 


" 5:23.... 


10. 2. a. 


" 33:6.... 


....6.1.e. R(d) 


" 


9:15.... 


..48. l.b. R. (c) 


" 5:23.... 


19.4. R. (d) 


" 33:7 ... 


...23.1. a. R. (i) 


" 


9:55.... 


40. 4. b. 


" 6:20,21. 


25. 2. d. 


Josh. 1:2 


..11.2. a. R. (g) 


u 


10:9.... 


37. 3.b. 


" 7:7 


37. 4. c. 


" 1:2 


39.3. 


It 


11:1.... 


8.3.d. 


" 7:12.... 


..25.1. c. R.(/) 


" 2:5 


. .28. 2. b. R. (g) 


" 


11:9.... 


..48.1. b. R. (c) 


" 7:17.... 


48. 1. e. 


" 2:22.... 


..13.4. b. R. (e) 


It 


11:13... 


19.4. R.(d) 


" 8:3 


. .29. 3. a. R. (a) 


" 2:22.... 


15. 2. a. 


" 


11:20.,. 


47. 2, a. 


" 9:6 


9. I.e. 


•' 3:1 


47. 5. d. 


It 


11:23... 


42.1. R.(a) 


" 9:14.... 


...23.1.a.R. 0') 


" 3:7 


47. 4. b. 


tt 


13:2.... 


5.3. 


" 9:15.... 


15. 7. b. 


" 3:15.... 


...8.3. f. R. (d) 


** 


13:3. .. 


25. 2. b. 


" 9:16.... 


17.4. 


" 3:17.... 


..28.2.b.R. (g) 


It 


13:17... 


42. 5. a. 


" 9:21.... 


28. 2.b. 


" 5:15.... 


7.7. 


n 


14:15. . . 


..42. 4. a. R. (d) 


" 9:25.... 


34. 7. 


" 6:11.... 


..28.2. b. R. (g) 


it 


14:18... 


10. 4. a. 


" 10:1... 


8. 3. d. 


" 7:2 


9.2.d. 


tt 


16:5.... 


10.3. 


" 10:9... 


7.6. 


" 7:3 


26. 2. b. 


" 


16:22. . . 


1.4. 


" 10:16.. 


25.2. c. 


" 7:7 


48.7.R.(0) 


" 


17:5.... 


7.3. 


" 11:1... 


25.2. c. 


" 7:7 


48. 9. d. 


" 


17:10... 


38.2. c. 


" 11:10.. 


25.1. a. 


" 7:21.... 


....4.1.b.R.(b) 


" 


18:3.... 


45. 3. b. 


" 11:12.. 


....34.10. R. (fc) 


" 8:33.... 


....4.1.b.R.(b) 


" 


18:5.... 


27.2. c. 


" 11:22.. 


. .48. 1. f . R. (g) 


" 8:33.... 


...9. 3. a. R. (a) 


" 


18:17... 


15. 7. b. 



156 



HEBREW SYNTAX 



Judg.l8:24... 

" 19:6.... 

" 19:13... 

" 19:17... 

" 19:18... 

" 20:16... 

" 20:44... 
Ruth 1:8,9,11. 

" 1:12.... 

" 1:13.... 

" 1:13.... 

" 1:17.... 

" 1:19 

" 1:21.... 

" 1:21.... 

" 1:22 

" 2:3 

" 2:7 

" 2:7 

" 2:12 

" 2:16.... 

" 2:17.... 

41 3:15... 

" 4:3 

1 Sam. 1:2.... 

" 1:7.... 

" 1:12... 

" 1:13... 

" 1:18... 

" 1:19... 

" 1:24... 

" 2:3.... 

" 2:3.... 

" 2:3.... 

" 2:4.... 

" 2:4.... 

" 2:6.... 

" 2:6.... 

" 2:8.... 

" 2:11... 

" 2:13f.. 

" 2:16... 

" 2:19... 

" 2:26... 

" 2:27... 

" 2:28... 

" 2:28... 

" 2:33... 

" 3:2.... 

" 3:4.... 

" 3:7a... 

" 3:9.... 

" 4:15... 

" 4:18... 

" 5:9.... 

M 5:9.... 

" 6:3.... 

" 6:3.... 

" 6:12... 

" 6:13... 

" 7:16... 

" 8:19... 



...12.1. e. 

36.1. 

....25.1. c. 
1.3. 



34.7. 

..1.4. 

34.9. 

2.1. c. 

..16. l.b. 

2.1.c. 

..41. l.c.R.(c) 

....13.2. 

2.1.c. 

38.1. c. 

45. La. 

2. I.e. 

9.5.e. 

25.1. c. 

30.4. 

46. 1. c. 

....28.3. R. (a) 



.6.2. 



.15. 2. c. R. (c) 

13. 4. b. 

11. 2. c. 

20.2. 

36. 3 

.41. l.c. R. (d) 

24. 1. a. 

24. 2. a. 

14. l.b. 

6. 3. a. 

36.2. 

41. 8. 

30.3. 

40. 5. c. 

24. l.b. 

27.5. c. 

27. 5. b. 

,27.2. a.R. to) 
...20. 2. R.(7i) 

48.3. b. 

38.3. a. 

.28. 3. d. R. (h) 

42.2. b. 

11. 2. b. 

...23. 2. R. (m) 

33.4. 

....34. 5. R.(e) 

37.5. d. 

.20. 1. b. R. (e) 

27.4. a. 

....40.3. R. (c) 

45.1. a. 

.13. 4. b. R. (e) 

33.7. 

.25. 1. c. R. (/) 
.48. 1. b. R. (c) 

28. 3. d. 

40.4. b. 

25.2. a. 

1. a. R. (d) 



,44. 



1 Sam. 8:11,12 



4... 
19.. 
23.. 
27.. 
9... 
13.. 
3... 
3... 
17.. 
13.. 
15.. 
10.. 
19.. 
19.. 
25b 
29f. 
33.. 
36.. 
36.. 
45.. 
49.. 
17.. 
20.. 
23.. 
23.. 
23.. 
32.. 
33.. 
3... 
4... 
7... 
16.. 
18.. 
14.. 
14.. 
16.. 
17.. 
28.. 
34.. 
36.. 
36.. 
37.. 
58.. 
6... 
30.. 
4 .. 
2... 
4... 
5... 
6... 
11.. 
21.. 
22.. 
41.. 
8... 
10.. 
14.. 
15.. 



29. 5. a. 

..24.2.g.R.(Z» 

34.3. 

25.3. 

. .15. 2. c. R. (c) 

47.3. a. 

..10.4. a. R.(/) 
..12. 2. e. R. to) 
..27.1.b.R. (d) 

41. 7. 

8.4. c. 

17.3. 

37. 5. a. 

..48.2. d. R. (h) 
. .10. 2. b. R. (c) 

19.3. 

24. 2. g. 

..28.3. d. R.(h) 
.21. 2. g. R. (a) 
..44. 1. a. R. (d) 
..27. 2. c. R. (k) 
....23. 1. R. (e) 
..41. 1. a. R. (a) 

43.2. b. 

..24.2. g. R. (a) 
..48. l.b. R. (a) 

...47.3. a. 

24. 2. g. 

41.5. d. 

...47.4. c. 

33.4. 

..38.3. d. 

46.3. b. 

42.1. R. (a) 

21.3. 

36.5. 

...9.5.b. 

10. 4. b. 

37. 5. b. 

..28.2. b.R. to) 
...9.3. b. R. (c) 
..10.2.b. R. (c) 
...4.3.d. R. (b) 
....34. 1. R. (d) 

.... 39.1. 

39. 1. 

5. l.b. 

....44. l.R. (a) 

47.5. h. 

22.3. d. 

45. l.c. 

46. R. (a) 

22. 3.b. 

........28.3. a. 

33.1. a. 

48.3. R. (i) 

19. 3. 

....30. l.R. (a) 

9.5.e. 

.....48.3. R. (i) 
.11.2. a. R. to) 
21.1. 



1 Sam. 22 

" 22 

" 22 

" 23 

" 23: 

" 24 

" 24 

" 25 



2Sam.l 

" 1 

" 1 

" 1 

" 1 

" 1 

" 2 

" 2 

" 2 



10.. 



28... 



10... 



14:22. 
:4.. 



...44.1. R. (c) 
2. 2. R. (b) 
....9. 5. a. 
..43.1. a. 
.28.3. R. (d) 
...2.3. a. 

30.5. 

.45. 3. b. R. (d) 

8.2. e. 

39. 4. b. 

.44. 1. R. (a) 

.44. 1. R. (c) 

.25. l.o. R. (/) 

34.10. 

8. 4. b. 

17. 4. 

.44. 1. R. (a) 

6.2. 

, 40.6. 

3.4. 

37.1. 

). 2. a. R. (a) 

8. 2. d. 

9. 2. b. 

.44. 1. d. R. (e) 

20.2. 

....8. 2. b. 
2. b. R. (b) 
...12.1. g. 
...33. l.b. 
.28. 3. d. R.(7i) 
....9.5.C. 
. .47. 3. a. 
. .22. 3. b. 
.41.1. c. R. (d) 
. ..... 8.1. b. 

15.5. 

..8.1. a.R. (c) 

42.2. c. 

32.1. 

37.5. b. 

....42. 3. R. (c) 

2.2. c. 

4.3.d. 

....34.11. 

15.9. b. 

.13. 4. b. R. (e) 

.25. l.c. R.(/) 

.15.1. R. (a) 

32.2. 

, 6.1.d. 

24. 2. d. 

25. 2. d. 

..11.1.R. (e) 

.25. 1. c. R. (/) 

..30. 1. R.(a) 

...34. 3. R. (e) 

1.3. 



40. 4. b. 

.....11.2. b. 
... 11.2. c. 
...20. R. (a) 



BY AN INDUCTIVE METIIOD. 



157 



3 Sam. 16:17... 

" 17:3.... 

" 17:5.... 

" 17:14... 

" 17:22... 

" 18:3.... 

" 18:7.... 

" 18:11.... 

" 18:12... 

" 18:14... 

" 18:18... 

" 18:18... 

" 18:19... 

" 18:23... 

" 18:29... 

" 19:1.... 

" 19:2.... 

" 19:5.... 

" 19:18... 

M 19:20... 

" 19:20... 

" 19:21... 

4V 19:23... 

" 19:23... 

" 19:25... 

44 20:10... 

" 20:19... 

" 21:4.... 

" 21:9.... 

" 21:17... 

" 22:3*.. . 

" 23:5.... 

" 23:10... 

" 23:15... 

" 23:15... 

" 23:19... 

" 24:9.... 

" 24:24... 

lKgs. 1:2 

" 1:24.... 

" 1:35.... 

" 1:52.... 

" 2:2 

" 2:21.... 

" 2:30.... 

" 2:31.... 

" 3:2 

" 3:4 

" 3:7 

44 3:18.... 

" 4:14.... 

u 5:1 

" 5:20,23. 

" 6:16.... 

" 6:18.... 

" 7:8b... 

" 7:13. . . . 

" 8:5 

" 8:13.... 

44 8:27.... 

" 8:33.... 

" 8:47 .... 



42.1. 

..6. 1. e. R. (d) 

39. 4. b. 

.29.3. a. R. (a) 
. .8. 4. c. R. (e) 

47. l.a. 

40.2. a. 

...29. 4. R. (d) 
....48. 7. R. (t) 

45. 2. e. 

.29. 3. a. R. (a) 
...34.1. R. (b) 

30.5. 

23.1. b. 

...42.1. R. (a) 

11.1. a. 

24.1.b. 

32.3. 

....9.5.R. (/) 

29.2. b. 

.29.2.b.R.(/) 

9.5. d. 

...42.1.R. (a) 
...42.2. R. (b) 

46. 2. c. 

40.6. 

.9.2. c.R.(/). 

47.1. d. 

33.2. 

44.2. b. 

12. 1. f. 

42.1. 

20. R. (a) 

43.3. c. 

42.5. a. 

....42.3. R. (c) 
..2.2. b. R. (e) 

39.5. b. 

23. l.b. 

....42.2. R. (b) 

18. 1. 

48.3. 

.25. 2. d. R. (d) 
....40.1.R.(a) 
.41. 1. c. R. (c) 

8.3.b. 

27.3. a. 

15.6. 

29.1.d. 

.11. 2. d. R. (k) 
.33. 1. b. R. (d) 

27. 2. a. 

4.3. e. 

....34. 3. R. (c) 

41.2. c. 

20. R. (a) 

..24.2. 9. R.(b) 

22.2. a. 

33.3. 

.44. 1. a. R. (d) 

25.5. 

46.1. d. 



lKgs. 9:26,27.. 

" 10:21... 

" 10:22... 

" 10:22... 

" 11:22... 

" 12:15... 

" 12:16... 

" 13:8.... 

11 13:12... 

44 13:31... 

" 14:11... 

" 14:24. . . 

11 15:2.... 

" 15:23... 

" 15:23... 

" 15:31... 

" 16:11... 

" 18:4.... 

" 18:11,12. 

" 18:26... 

" 18:32... 

" 18:39... 

" 19:4.... 

" 19:4.... 

" 19:5.... 

" 19:21... 

11 20:6.... 

" 20:6.... 

" 20:13... 

" 20:21... 

" 20:35. . . 

" 20:36... 

" 20:36... 

" 21:6.... 

44 21:15. . . 

" 22:1.... 

11 22:1.... 

" 22:10 .. 

" 22:15... 

" 22:20... 

" 22:28... 
2 Kgs. 1:2 ... . 

" 1:3 

" 2:10.... 

" 2:24.... 

" 3:16 .. 

" 3:16.... 

44 3:26 ... 

" 4:13.... 

" 4:24.... 

44 4:43.... 

" 4:43.... 

" 5:11... 

" 5:12.... 

41 5:13.... 

44 5:23.... 

44 5:23.... 

44 7:9.... 

44 8:13..., 

44 10:1..., 

44 10:5... 

44 10:6... 



1.4. 

41.6. 

15. 9. b. 

..20.2. R. (h) 
41. 1. c. R. (c) 
29. 3. a. R. (a) 

42.5. b. 

.22.4. b. 

42.5. c. 

25.2. d. 

38.3. a. 

.9. 3. a. R. (a) 

, 17.1. 

33.8. a. 

34.8. 

9.5.e. 

47.5. c. 

15.6. 

..25.2.d.R.(d) 

4.3. e. 

31.6. 

7.6. 

29.4. c. 

47.2. a. 

.27. 2. c. R. (k) 

33.8. c. 

.25. 1. c. R. (/) 
.48. 1. f. R. (q) 

5.3. 

4.3.C. 

....9.5. R. (/) 
.25.2. d.R.(d) 

48. 8. c. 

......20. R. (a) 

.44. 1. a. R. (d) 

8.2.d. 

45.2. e. 

35.4. 

42.4. a. 

11.1. g. 

48.2. a. 

42. 4.b. 

41.6. 

....48.3. R. (i) 

15.5. 

3. I.e. 

6.3.C. 

40. 2. b. 

29.3. c. 

...19.3. R. (b) 

28.5. b. 

.43. 2. d. R. (d) 

39. 5. b. 

.25.1.c.R.(/) 

38.3. b. 

3.3. 



3.5.b. 

.25. 2. d. R. (d) 

31.1. 

15.4. 

46. 3. a. 

10. 4. b. 



2 Kgs. 11:13.. 
44 13:19.. 
44 13:20.. 
44 14:8... 
44 14:10.. 
44 15:16.. 
44 16:14.. 
44 16:17. 
44 18:17.. 
44 20:4... 
44 22:3... 
44 23:17.. 
44 25:4... 
44 25:9... 
IChr. 5:9.... 
44 7:2,9... 
44 11:9... 
44 13:4... 
44 19:5... 
44 21:18.. 
44 28:18.. 
2Chr. 1:6.... 
44 2:12... 
44 3:4.... 
44 3:16... 
44 13:9... 
44 16:14.. 
44 20:6... 
44 29:3... 
44 31:10.. 
44 34:8... 
Ezra 1:11.... 
44 3:10... 
44 8:35. .. 

Noh.l:4 

44 1:7 

44 2:2 

44 2:13,15. 
» 9:33.. . 
44 11:13... 

9:1 

1:1 

1:1 

1:1 

1:1 

1:1 

1:3 

1:14.... 

1:15.... 

1:16.... 

2:10.... 

2:20.... 

3:3 

3:3 

3:4 

3:13.... 

3:17.... 

5:7 

6:17.... 

8:12.... 

9:2 

9:4 



44. 4.d. 

,.48.2. d. R.(7i) 

20. R. (a) 

33. 8. b. 

.25. 1. c. R. (/) 



.4. 



b. R. (&) 
a. R. (a) 
..6. l.a. 

.8. 3. a. 
....30.4. 
.15.8. b. 
a. R. (a) 

c. R. (7i) 
..8. 3. a. 
..6.1. c. 
3.4. 



3. d. R. (h) 
...47.3. d. 
....40. 2. a. 
....47. 3. c. 
.6. 1. R. (a) 

15.6. 

18.1. 

15.4. 

15.6. 

....15.2. c. 
1. R. (b) 

...41. 4. b. 

...15.8. a. 

2. a. R. (e) 

...15. 8. b. 

1,3. 



.44 



Est. 
Job 



26.1. b. 

15.3. 

.27.2.a.R. (0) 
....28.3. R. (a) 

28.2. b. 

.27.2. a.R.(0) 

10.3. 

9. 5.b. 

14.1. b. 

11.1. c. 

12.1. b. 

37.5. c. 

.38.2. c. R. (/) 

46. 4. c. 

10. 4. b. 

2.2.a. 

39. 4. a. 

29.3. a. 

.... 5.3. R. (e) 
...15.1. R. (a) 

13. 3. a. 

20.1. a. 

....10.3.R.(e) 

37.3. a. 

....21.3. R. (b) 

44. 1. b. 

20. R. (a) 

41.5. d. 

42. 5. b. 

9.1.C 



158 



HEBREW SYNTAX 



Job 9:21 14.1. c. 

" 10:1 23.2. R. (n) 

" 10:8,9 42.1. R. (a) 

" 10:14 48. 2. b. 

" 10:17 44. 1. R. (b) 

" 11:6 3.5.C 

" 11:13,14 48.5. R. (o) 

" 11:17 10. 4. a. R. (0) 

" 11:18 37.5.d. 

" 11:20 21.3. R. (b) 

" 14:19 40. 4. a. 

" 15:10 9.1. a. R. (b) 

" 16:4 30. 5. R. (c) 

" 16:6 23.2. d. 

" 16:9 30.5. R. (c) 

" 16:18 43. La. 

" 17:10.. 43. l.a. 

" 18:21 ..13.3.b. 

" 18:21 46.5. a. 

" 19:19 13. 4.a. 

" 20:17 9.2. c. R. (/) 

" 21:16 19. 4. R. Cc) 

11 21:22 45.1.C. 

" 22:18 19.4. R. (c) 

" 24:10 8. 2. d. 

" 24:14 36.4. 

" 27:3 9. 2. a. R. (a) 

" 30:6 9.4.b. 

" 32:6 9.1. a. R. (ft) 

" 32:7 40.5.C. 

" 32:22.... 36.4. 

" 34:32 46. 5. a. 

" 36:10 47.1.a. 

" 38:2 11. I.e. 

" 40:2 43. 2. d. R. (d) 

" 40:15 3.2. c. 

Ps. 1:1 4.3.b. 

" 1:1 48. 1. f . R. (fif) 

" 1:2 33.2. 

" 1:2 44. 1. a. R. (d) 

" 1:3 1.2. 

" 2:1 42.6.d. 

" 2:lf 21.3. R.(b) 

" 2:2 5.4. 

" 2:2 21.1. 

" 2:3 23.2.b. 

" 2:6 9.2.d. 

" 2:8 23.2.d. 

" 2:12 9.2.b. 

" 2:12 26.2.C. 

" 3:1 9. 5. b. 

" 3:5 33.8.d. 

" 3:7 17.2. 

" 3:8 31.7. 

" 4:2 19.4. R. (c) 

" 4:2 29.2-b. 

" 5:6 21.3. R.(b) 

" 5:7 21.3. 

" 5:9,10 40. 7. b.. 

"■ 6:5 23. l.a. R. Qi) 

" 6:7 21.3. R. (b) 

" 6:9 (cf. 10) 19.2. c. 



Ps. 



7:4. . . 
7:7... 
7:9.. 
7:12.. 
7:12. 
7:13. . 
7:13f. 
7:14. . 



9:19... 
9:21 . . , 
10:16.. 
11:4... 
11:6... 
11:6... 
11:7... 
11:7... 
12:3... 
12:4... 
14:7 . . 
15:4... 
16:3 . . . 
16:4... 
17:5... 
17:5... 
18:4.., 
18:33. . 
19:2... 
19:4... 
19:9... 
19:9... 
19:10 . . 
19:14.. 
20:7... 
21:3. . . 
21:3... 
21:6... 
22:7... 
22:8... 
22:16.. 
22:16.. 
22:22.. 
22:30.. 
23:3... 
23:5... 
23:5... 
24:10.. 
54:10.. 
25:2.. 
25:10 . 
25:12.. 
26:4,5. 
27:2... 
27:2... 
27:5. . 
28:3... 
29:1... 
29:3-9. 
29:5... 
31:6 . . . 
31:8... 



..17.3. 

,...19.4. R. (c) 

43. 2. d. 

14.2. a. 

27.2. b. 

36.2. 

....21.3. R. (b) 
.38.2.C. R.(/) 
.12. 2. e. R. (gr) 

47. 4. a. 

41. 8. 

47. 3. b. 

....19. 4.R. (c) 

, 37.4. c. 

...23.1. R. (/) 

23.1. d. 

37. 4. a. 

37. 5. a. 

3. 1. c. 

...23. 1. R. (/) 

23.1.b. 

21.2. 

46.4. d. 

....9.5. R. (/) 
....28.1.R.(d) 
....28.5. R. (b) 

24. 3. b. 

. .9. 3. a. R. (a) 
.27. 2. b. R. (ft) 

8.2.d. 

9. La. 

40.1. 

37. 4. b. 

47. 4. c. 

19.1. 

17.3. 

41. 2. e. 

10.3. 

9.1.b. 

....30. 5. R. (c) 
...21.3. R. (b) 

35. 2. 

....19. 4. R. (c) 

9. 1. a. 

21.2. 

..6. I.e. R. (d) 
....21.3. R. (b) 
..12. 1. e. R. (c) 

42. 5. a. 

41. Lb. 

....10.3. R. (e) 

46.4. b. 

...21.3. R. (b) 

26. 2. a. 

39.4. b. 

45.2. b. 

45.1.d. 

3.4. 

..8.2. c. R. (c) 
.27. 2. b. R. Qi) 
...19.4. R. (c) 
23. 2. b. 



Ps. 31 
32 

32: 
33: 
34: 
34: 
35: 
37: 
37: 
37: 
37: 
38: 
40: 
40: 
41: 
41: 
41: 
41: 
42: 
44: 
44: 
44: 
45: 
45: 
45: 
45: 
49: 
49: 
50: 
50: 
50: 
50: 
50: 
53; 
55: 
55: 
56: 
56: 
56 
57: 
58: 
58: 

59: 
60 
62: 
63: 
64: 
65: 
65: 
65 



:3. . . . 
:10.. 
;13.. 
6... 
9.... 
16... 
11... 
12... 
14f.. 



46. 2. a. 

47. 5. a. 

.10. 2. a. R. (b) 

18.3. 

...23.1.R.(/) 

10.3. 

... 30. 5.R. (c) 

..8.2. b. 

27.2. b. 

.20. La. R. (b) 



21 41. I.e. R. (d) 



12.... 

3,9... 
6.... 
3.... 

3 

6 

7.... 
5,10.. 
8.... 
18... 
21,22. 
3.... 
5 .... 
7.... 



...21.3. R. (b) 
.. .23.1.R. (/) 

41.4. b. 

.41. 1. b. R. (b) 
...23.1. R. (/) 
.25.1.C.R. (/) 

48. 5. 

....23.2. R.(n) 
.44.1.a.R. (d) 
.45. 3. b. R. (d) 

... 48.7.a. 

..3.5. c.R. Qi) 

31.4. 

..9. 2. a. R. (a) 
..6. I.e. R. (d) 
...28. 3. R. (/) 

41.7. 

...23.1.R. (/) 
.41. Lb. R. (b) 

47.3. d. 

, 11.1. d. 

....28.3.R.(a) 

, 9.1. a. 

3,18 23.2. R. (n) 

15 20. 2. 

4 8.2.e. 

4 ..20.R. (a) 

4 46. 4. e. 

7 ..19.4. R. (c) 

2 33.5. 

8. l.a. 

24.2. g. 

45. 3. b. R. (d) 

40. 7. b. 

10. 4. a. 

...24.1.R.(flf) 

lO.l.b. 

, .23.1.R. (/) 

30. 3. 

:7 23.1.R. (/) 

:1 9.5.C. 

:3 19. 4. R. (c) 

:7 6.1.R.(a) 

:19 44. l.d. R. (e) 

:22 ILL R. (b) 

:8,13,16,17..23.1.R.(/) 

:2... 12. Ld. 

:5 1.2. 

:14 20. La. R. (b) 

:4,7 23.2. R. (n) 

:14 12. 2. e. R. (fif) 



3 

16.... 
3.. .. 
5..... 

4 

8-10.. 

5 

14.... 
14.... 



BY AX INDUCTIVE METHOD. 



159 



3 s. 77:17.... 


.30. 1. a. E. (b) 


" 78:18.... 


39. 3. e. 


44 80:5 


....19.4. E. (d) 


" 80:9 


24.1. (b) 


" 81:14-17. 


....48. 7. E. (t) 


44 84:2 


. 2. 1. a. E. (a) 


44 84:3 


.13.3. e.R. (g) 


" 84:5 


37.1. a. 


44 87:5 


3. I.e. 


" 88:16.... 


....33.3. R.(n) 


" 90:2.... 


.30. 1. b. R. (e) 


" 94:23.... 


....34.1. R. (flf) 


" 98:7.... 


...33.1. R. (/) 


" 101:3... 


39.1. d. 


44 103:5.... 


40.4. a. 


11 104:19... 


...33. 1. R. (/) 


" 104:20. . . 


33.1. e. 


" 104:25... 


.10. 3. a. R. (b) 


" 104:25.. 


13. I.e. 


" 110:3.... 


..6. I.e. R. (d) 


M 113:5.... 


..9.3. a. R. La) 


11 114:3-7. 


...33.1.R. (/) 


44 116:16... 


....19. 4. R. (c) 


" 119:133. 


3.3. 


" 119:137. 


40. 3. b. 


" 121:3... 


...23.1. R. (/) 


" 123:4.... 


..9.3. a. R. (a) 


" 135:1.... 


4.3.f. 


" 136:3.... 


20.1.b; 


" 126:2... 


37.2. a. 


44 128:5... 


33.1.d. 


" 133:1. . 


39. 3. b. 


'» 135:6... 


14. 3. b. 


" 139:14. . 


33. 5. 


" 139:14.. 


35. 3. 


" 139:19 . . 


43. 3. b. 


" 144:3.... 


33.1. b. 


" 144:14 . . 


S.l.b. 


" 149:3.... 


..3.3. c. R. (/) 


Prov.l:30,... 


33. 3. R. (Z) 


" 1:26 . . . . 


8.1. a. 


" 2:17.... 


37.5. b. 


" 3:28.... 


37. 5. d. 


44 4:17 


....31.3. R. (b) 


" 5:19.... 


3.2. b. 


" 5:23.... 


33 


" 6:19 


37.5. a. 


" 6:24 


«. 3. a. 


" 8:3 


....33.3. R. (Z) 


" 10:30.... 


41.2. e. 


" 12:12.... 


....31.3. R.(b) 


" 13:26.... 


8.1. a. 


" 13:38... 


8.3. d. 


44 14:3.... 


16. 3. b. 


" 17:12... 


....38.5. R.(b) 


" 30:33... 


33. I.e. 


44 31:9. ... 


. ..39. 4. R. (d) 


" 33:31... 


6. Lb. 


" 33:33... 


31.7. 


44 33:33... 


13. 1. d. 


" 33:33 . . . 


13.4. a. 


44 34:31... 


.. ..30. 2. R. (b) 



Prov.35:16... 


48.1. a. 


Isa. 5:19.... 


33.3. R. (Z) 


" 36:14... 


31.3. 


44 5:24.... 


..39. 3. e.R. (h) 


44 27:27 . . . 


8.3.b. 


44 5:26.. . 


40.7. c. 


44 28:1.... 


....31.3. R. (b) 


44 6:1 


....11.1 R. (d) 


Eccl.l:17.... 


3. 3.b. 


44 6:2 


37.5. c. 


" 2:7 


....40. I.E. (a) 


44 6:6 


9.5. R. (/) 


11 3:13. . . . 


3.3.b. 


" 6:6 


..45. 3. b. R. (d) 


" 3:12.... 


....11. 1. R. (b) 


44 6:8 


...3.2. e.R. (e) 


" 2:24. .. 


..35.1. e.R. (/) 


44 6:8 


11.2. b. 


" 3:2 


29.3. d. 


44 6:8 


34. 3. 


" 4:9 


15. 7. a. 


44 6:9 


38. 3. c. 


" 4:17.... 


47. 2. b. 


44 6:9 


33.4. 


" 5:4 


47.1. a. 


44 7:13.... 


39.1a. 


" 7:20 . . . . 


41. 5. b. 


44 7:14.... 


14.1. b. 


" 8:9.... 


28.4. a. 


u 7:14.... 


39.6. 


" 8:10.... 


8.3. a. 


44 8:3 


..34.1 e.R. (e) 


" 9:16.... 


26. 1. b. 


44 8:8 


19.3. b. 


44 12:11... 


...8. 3. e.R. (c) 


44 9:1 


19. 2. a. 


Cant. 1:8.... 


10. 4. b. 


44 9:5 


34.1c. 


44 1:15.... 


37. 4. b. 


44 9:10.... 


..30. la. R. (c) 


41 2:8 


...8.2. e.R. (c) 


44 9:10.... 


31. I.E. (a) 


" 5:2 . . :. 


...8.3. e.R. (c) 


44 9:10-15. 


34. I.E. (flf) 


" 7:13.... 


42. 4. b. 


' 4 9:13 


...9.3. a.E. (a) 


Isa. 1:1 


44. 4. a. 


44 9:55.... 


8.3.f. 


11 1:2 


36. 3. a. 


44 10:4.... 


....31 IE. (a) 


" 1:3a.... 


18. 3. 


44 10:13... 


...8.3. f. E. (d) 


" 1:4 


17. 3. 


44 10:15... 


41 5. a. 


44 1:9 


19.4. 


44 10:33... 


30. 3. E. (b) 


44 1:9... 


48. Id. 


44 10:38.. 


....31.1 E. (a) 


" 1:9... . 


48.7. 


44 11:7.... 


4.3. d. 


44 1:12.... 


33. 6. 


44 11:9.... 


19.3. c. 


" 1:15.... 


30. 3. 


44 13:3. . . . 


....33. I.E. (/) 


44 1:15.... 


40.3. 


44 13:9 ... 


44. I.E. (a) 


44 1:16.... 


...33.1.a. R. (i) 


44 13:10... 


19.3. b. 


11 1:20.... 


33. 6. 


44 14:6.... 
44 14:31... 


41.5. c. 


" 1:20.... 


35.2. 


41.2. e. 


" 1:21.... 


43. 6. c. 


44 14:33... 


..38.2. a. E. (e) 


" 2:2 


...8.2. b. R. (b) 


44 15:6.... 


..37.5.C.E. (/) 


" 2:2 


35.1c. 


44 16:13... 


... 19.3.E. (b) 


" 2:2 


35. 4. a. 


" 17:6.... 


. 11 2. a. E. (flf) 


" 2:6.... 


34. 3. b. 


44 18:3,7... 


..37.5. b.E. (6) 


44 3:8 


31.1 R. {a) 


44 19:3.... 


14. 2. f. 


" 3:9 


33. 1R. (b) 


44 19:8... 


...9.2. a. E. (a) 


44 3:9 


34. I.E. (flf) 


44 19:11... 


...6.1.e. E. (d) 


" 3:11.... 


40. 5. c. 


44 30:1.... 


..39. 2. c. E. (h) 


" 3:30.... 


8. 3.d. 


44 21:3.... 


....40.1 E. (a) 


" 3:15... 


43. 5. b. 


44 21:3.... 


17.3. 


" 3:17.... 


........ =38. 3. c. 


44 21:5.... 


38. 5. a. 


" 3:36... 


-y±. 4. b. 


44 31:5.... 


..43.2. d. E. (d) 


44 5:3 


. ..CI «, D. R. (g) 


44 31:9.... 


1 2. 


44 5:3 


. .2Do S b. it. (b) 


44 31:12. . . 


.5.4. 


" 5:3 


31.3. 


44 32:2.... 


9.1c. 


" 5:2 .... 


...47.3. d. 


44 32:2.... 


37.1b. 


" D-.'o. ... 


23.1c. 


44 22:13. . . 


38. 1 


44 t:6..... 


30.2. R. (b) 


44 33:16... 


...9.3. a. E. (a) 


44 5:9..... 


416. 


44 33:17... 


. .38. 3. c. E. (g) 


44 5:11.... 


...8.3. e.R. (c) 


44 33:34... 


8. 3. a. 


44 5:11 ... 


45.2. b. 


44 33:1,4. . . 


....33. IE. (/) 


44 5:12.... 


...6. 1 e. R. (d) 


44 23:13... 


.37. 5. c. E. (/) 


44 5:12.... 


.....10. 3. R. (e) 


44 23:15... 


3.3.C. 


" 5:13.... 


19. 2. a. 


44 34:18... 


19. 3. c. 


44 5:15f... 


24. l.R.(0) 


44 34:19... 


38.3. E. (d) 



160 



HEBREW SYNTAX 



Isa. 



26:15.. 
28:1... 
28:13.. 
28:28.. 
29:11.. 
29:14. . 
29:16.. 
29:19.. 
30:1... 
31:8... 
31:8... 
32:7... 
32:17.. 
33:1... 
33:6... 
34:12.. 
34:13.. 
a5:lf . . 
36:2... 
36:8... 
36:9... 
37:2... 
37:2.. 
37:4... 
37:5.. 
37:22.. 
38:10.. 
38:20.. 
39:1... 
40:7... 
40:7... 
40:18.. 
40:20. 
40:20.. 
40:20. 
40:24. 
40:24. 
40:27. 
40:28.. 
40:30. 
41:7.. 
41:8.. 
41:11. 
41:20.. 
41:26. 
41:28.. 
42:7.. 
42:16. 
42:21. 
42:24., 
42:24. 
43:4.. 
43:9.. 
43:22. 
44:23. 
44:28. 
47:1.. 
47:1.. 
47:1. . 
47:9.. 
47:11. 
47:12. 



....19. 4. R. (c) 
. .9. 2. a. R. (a) 

25.1.0. 

....28.3. R. (c) 
..8.2.b. R. (b) 
.28. 2. b. R. (g) 

43.1. a. 

8.3. f. 

.29. 3. a. R. (a) 

11.2. c. 

39. 7. 

........29. 2. c. 

. .28. 2. a. R. (e) 

36. 5. 

8. 4. a. 

41.2. f. 

40. 4. a. 

...23.1. R. (/) 

10.1. a. 

. .9. 3. a. R. (a) 
. .9. 2. a. R. (a) 
...6. 1. o. R. (c) 

10. 4. b. 

13.1. 

..24. 1. c. R. (e) 

8. Lb. 

....23.2. R. (n) 

29. 3. b. 

.24. 2. g. R. (a) 

18.3. 

48. 5. b. 

.12. 2. e. R. (g) 
. .9. 1. a. R. (b) 

27.1.b. 

.....35.3. 

24. Lb. 

....44. 1. R. (c) 
.25.1.C. R.(/) 

42. 4. a. 

26. 2. b. 

34.6. 

46. l.R. (c) 

26. 2. b. 

26. 2. c. 

....44.1. R. (c) 

48. 8. b. 

.10. 2. b. R. (c) 

46. 4. b. 

36. 4. 

28. 2. a. 

36. 3. 

13.2. 

....19.4. R. (c) 
,.22.3.d.R. (6) 

3. 2. a. 

29. 5. a. 

36. R. (d) 

37.2. a. 

...2.2.C.R. (h) 

29.2. b. 

40. 2. b. 

13.2.R. (c) 



Tsa. 



48:14 

48:18,19. . . , 

49:3 . 

49:7. 

50:1. . 
50:4.. 
50:8.. 
51:12. 



Jer. 



...13.3. b 
:8. 7. R. (q 

13. 1 

, 24.2.f 

.2. 2. c. R. (h 

34.1 

46. R. (a 

..21:4 



51:15 44.1.d.R. (e 

8. 4. a 

40.5. b 

9.1. b 

9. 5. a. R. (e 

47.3. c 

..36.2. R. (c 
.23. 1. R. (/ 



51:21... 
52:8.... 
53:4.... 
53:7.... 
53:10,11. 
53:11... 
54:14. . . 
55:2.... 
55:10... 
56:2.... 
57:1.... 



....48. l.f 
....14. 2. b 
...14. A d 

57:11 44.1.C 

57:14 23.1.R. (/ 

59:3 3.5. c. R. (h 

59:10 23.2. R. (ra 

59:15b-17....24. 1. R. (g 

62:10 23. 1. R. (/ 

63:19 48. 7. R. (q 

64:4 24. 2. g. R. (a 

.46. 5. a 

.....11.1. R.(d 
. .12. 2. e. R. (g 
.25.1.C R. (/ 

23.2. R. (n 

36.2. R. (c 



65:1... 
1:4.... 
2:5.... 
3:1..., 
3:25... 
4:5...... 

4:16 

4:16 

4:19,21.. 

5:2 

5:9 

5:15 

7:1 

7:6 

7:12 

7:16 

7:19 



24.1.C 

....24. l.R. (g 
... 23.2. R. (n 
.48. 1. b. R. (a 

14. 2. e 

46.4. a 

....11.1. R. (d 

23. 1. a 

46.1. d 

41.3 

11.2.b 

8.4.C 

....28.3. R.(c 

37.2. c 

...,30. 3. R. (ft 

38.1.b 

25. Lb 

14.2.d 

.25. 1. c. R. (/ 

46. R. (h 

.48. 1. b. R. (a 

14:17 41.LB.Cb 

15:4 13.2, 

15:5b-7 24. LB. (g 

16:13 34. 3 

17:21 25.1. c. R. (/ 

18:13 38. 2. c. R. (/ 

18:21 9. Lb 



8:13.. 
9:13.. 
9:17.. 
10:6.. 
12:3.. 
13:7.. 
13:16. 
14:1.. 
14:7. 



Jer. 20:8.... 
20:12... 
21:9.... 
22:10 . . . 
22:19... 
22:29... 
23:5.... 
23:14... 
23:23 .. 
23:37... 
24:2. . . . 
28:9 



47. 5. h. 

.44. 1. d. R. (e) 

25.5. 

.28. 3. c. R. (g) 

32.2. 

39. 5. a. 

27.2. c. 

28.2. a. 

8.3.b. 

38.2. b. 

..6. I.e. R. (d) 
5.1. 



29:23... 

30:6 

31:21... 

32:14... 

32:29... 

32:33.... 

33:2.... 

33:22... 

36:9.... 

37:14. . . 

46:1.... 

46:6..., 

48:2...., 

48:4,9... 

48:9.... 

48:36... 

51:3.... 

51:9.... 

51:35... 

51:53... 

52:7.... 
Lam. 1:1 

1:17.... 

1:21... . 
Ezek.l:20,21. 

2:2 .... 

7:9 

9:4 

10:3.... 

10:3 ... 

12:25... 

13:2.... 

14:15... 

16:4.... 

17:15... 

17:21... 

23:20... 

23:28... 

23:46... 

27:5.... 

27:34... 

27:34... 

28:16... 

30:11... 

31:12... 

37:9.... 

39:4.... 

40:17... 

40:22... 



46.1.b. 

.44. 1. d. R. (e) 
45. 2. d. 

37. R. (g) 

28.5. c. 

.29. 3. a. R. (a) 
....41.3. R. (/) 
6. 1. R. (a) 

..9. La. R. (a) 
15. 8. a. 

41.3. 

46. R. (h) 

....23.1.R.(/) 

41. 5. d. 

2.2. c. 

....28. 3. R. (c) 

46.4. d. 

....23.1. R. (/) 

.23. l.a.R. (j) 
11. 2. d. 

48. 4. 

......20. R. (a) 

..2.2. c. R. (h) 

....30. 5. R. (c) 

..13.3. a. 

. .39. 5. a. R. (e) 

34.5. 

9.2.d. 

, 20. R. (a) 

.11. 2. a. R. (g) 
9. 2. b. 

46. R. (h) 

9.2. b. 

.25. 1. c. R. (/) 
....28.3. R. (d) 

..9. 3. a. R. (a) 

34.9. 

....23.2. R. (I) 

13. 2. 

..28.5.d. 

,..3.5.c. R. (h) 

8.2.e. 

46. 4. e. 

....24.1.R. (g) 

31.3. 

....24. l.R. (g) 

.-. 4.3.e. 

..9.2.C. R. (/) 

15. 4. R. (e) 

15.2. c. 



BY AN INDUCTIVE METHOD. 



161 



Ezek. 45:11.. 


....6.1.e. R.(d) 


Amos 5:1.... 


46. R. (h) 


" 45:16 . . 


5.1. a. 


" 


5:3 


33.3. 


Hos. 1:6.... 


...41. I.e. R. (d) 


" 


6:1.... 


43.1.b. 


" 3:2 


15.3. R. ((7) 


" 


6:12 . . . 


37.2. b. 


" 4:2.... 


...43. 2. d. R. (d) 


" 


6:13.... 


..8.2. d. R. (/) 


" 4:3.... 


25. Lb. 


" 


7:7 


. .45. 3. b. R. (d) 


" 5:11... 


36.2. 


" 


9:5 


. .44. 1. d. R. (e) 


" 8:11 . . . 


...39.5. a. R. (e) 


" 


9:8 


....28.3. R. (/) 


ki 9:4 


8.2. c. 


" 


9:11... 


40. 7. d. 


" 10:6... 


40. 1. R. (a) 


Joa 


1:11... 


26. 2. a. 


" 10:12... 


..25.1. c. R. (/) 


ii 


1:3,5... 


1.4. 


" 12:1.... 


3. 2. c. 


" 


3:3.... 


9. 5. a. 


" 12:6... 


..44. 1. d. R. (e) 


" 


3:5.... 


9.4.b. 


" 13:8 (cf. 2 Kgs. 2:24) 


" 


3:5.... 


10.4. b. 




2.1.b. 


" 


4:10.... 


8.3. e. 


Joel 1:6 


41. 5. b. 


" 


4:10.... 


10.5. 


" 1:14.... 


44.4. e. 


it 


4:10,11. 


42.1.R. (a) 


" 1:15... 


43. Lb. 


Mic. 


1:10.... 


....28.3. R. (/) 


kl 1:20.... 


40. 4. a. 


" 


2:4 


28.3. R. (d) 


" 2:3ff... 


...20. 1. a. R. (c) 


» 


2:6 .... 
2:12.... 


40.2. b. 


" 2:23... 


. . 44. 1. d. R. (e) 


...4. Lb. R. (b) 


." 4:9 


2.2.c. 


" 


3:6. .. 


37.3. b. 


" 4:18.... 


30.2. R. (b) 


" 


3:12.... 


4.3. e. 


" 4:20... 


..44. l.d. R. (e) 


" 


5:2 


19.3. 


Amos 1:11... 


29. 5. b. 


" 


5:4 


8.8. f. 


" 2:16... 


33.4. 


" 


6:5,16.. 


. 29. 3. a. R. (a) 


" 4:2.... 


..37.2. a. R. (b) 


" 


7:4 


..10.4. a. R. (g) 


" 4:7.... 


37.3. b. 


" 


7:10.... 


40. 3. 


" 4:13... 


..27. Lb. R.(e) 


Nab 


.1:3 


....28.3. R. (/) 



Nah. 2:5 20. 1. a. R. (c) 

" 2:9 37.5. b. R. (e) 

Hab.2:17 8. 1. b. 

" 3:8 6. l.R. (a) 

" 3:10 20. La. R. (b) 

11 3:16 47. Lb. 

Hag.Ll 9. 5. a. 

" 2:5 43.2.b. 

" 2:11 31.4. 

Zech.l:3 25.2. c. 

" 1:9 42. 5. b. 

" 4:4,13 42.5.b. 

" 4:5 37. 5. b. 

" 4:10 9.3. a. R. (a) 

" 7:1 15.8.C. 

" 7:5 11. 2. a. 

" 8:2 32.3. 

" 8:6 42.1. 

" 8:17 34.10.R.W 

" 8:19 4.3. d. 

" 9:5 23.1.R. (/) 

" 10:7 23.1.R. (/) 

" 12:10 34.10. 

" 12:12-14..39.5.a. R. (e) 

" 13:6 37.2. b. 

" 14:4 8.3, a. 

" 14:4 33 7. 

Mai. 1:2 24.2 t>, 

" 1:11 37.3 »- 



INDEX OF TEXTS 



Under "References for Study." 



Jen. 1:5 

12 


PAGE. 

73 

109 

114 

31,38 

94 


Gen. 8:10,12.... 
13..... 


PAGE. 

50 

36,50 


Gen. 16:15 

" 17:2 

" 4 


PAGE. 

95 

81 

79 


14 


21 


100 


16 

20,21.... 


22 

" 9:3 

4 

5 

" 10 


114 

132 

25 

47 

36 


5 

" 14. 


95,100 

110 


26 


81,14 


20 

21 

23 

" 18:1 . 


50,58 

125 

31 

98 


28 


14,109 


31 


23,54 


" 2:3.. 


103 


13 

18 

20 

24 

27 

" 10:12 


14 

27 

98 

45 

81 

23 


5 


118 


" 2 


50 


9 


18,84 


" 9 


106 


10 


60,109 


" 10 


128 


11 

14 


22,45 

27 

64,110 


17 

19 

21 

24 

25 

29 

33 

" 19:1 


84 

100 


17 


21 

" 11:1 

3,7 

8 

10 

23 

25 

30 

11 12:3 

3 

12 

13 

" 13:2 

3 


25 

106 

67 

103 

18 

18 

50 

125 

67 

79 

79 

67,136 

22 

....45,67,132 


121 

50 

123 

92 

136 


19 

" 3:1 


27 

38 


3 

" 5 


132,73 

84,114 


13 


121 


...128 31 


17 

" 4:6 


73 

121 


4 

13 

19 

" 20 


60,31 

84 


10 

" 11 


16,43 

132 


79 

38 


13 

" 15 


92 

118 


23 

25 

28 

29 

" 33 


128 

23 


" 19 

" 20 


31,50 

94 


54 

132 


" 25 


95 

98 


7 

" 9 


....67,84,128 
67,125 


95 


" 5:3 


" 20:1 

3 

12 

18 

" 21:2 ...... 


36 


8 

26 

29 

" 6:2 


31 

50 

132 

136 


11 

15 

" 14:4 

10 


47 

67 

98,50. 

....18,31,110 


125,128 

16 

54 

16 


" 4 


60 

38 


13 

19 

20 

" 15:1 

" 2 


22,31 

36 

132 

106,114 

27 


" 3 


22,132 


5 


4 

7 

9 

13 

14 

16 

" 26 


128 


14 

17 

" 7:2 


.79 

25 

J32 

31,128 


109 

132 

27 


•«; 6 


" 3 


31 


128 


" ii 


36 


11 11 


22 


41 


" 21 . . 


.23 

100,132 -. 


" 13 


41 


56,118 


" 23 


" 14 


84 


" 22:3 

5 

14 

17 

20 


47,31 


" 24 

" 8:5... 

7 

9 


50 

31,36 

88 

47 


18 

" 16:5 

7 

8 


43,31 

41 

22 

43 


.....67 

61 

81 

25 



HEBREW SYNTAX 



163 



PAGE. 

Gen. 22:24 16 

" 23:1 50 

2 41 

6 109 

" 19 23 

20 73 

" 24:2 67 

4 25 

" 6 41 

" 8 143 

10 128 

13 31 

14 79 

15 118,136 

21 84,128 

A 23» 31,43 

25 60 

27 27,41 

" 30 92,84 

" 41 136 

43 16 

" 65,66 22 

*' 25:23 50 

27 36 

30 25,54 

" 26:4.... 23 

" 8 22 

15 27 

27 121 

32 132 

" 27:1 38 

4 64 

7 67 

11 9 56 

10 64 

" 19 64 

21 43,121 

25 64 

" 29. 114,81 

" 30 88 

31 81 

34...., 41,110 

37 110 

88 41 

40 136,79 

45 94 

" 28:3 79 

6 81 

15 43 

19 22,23,95 

" 29:2 79,38 

3 79 

7 38 

" 9 128 

15 125 

" 30:2.. 121 

13 58 

14 47 

15 22 

16 23 



PAGE. 

Gen. 30:20 22 

28 67 

30 121 

31 67,103 

33 27 

34 123 

36 50 

38 60 

41 79 

" 31:1 43 

7 81 

8 31 

16 27 

21 22 

23 50 

11 27 73 

29 118 

39 60 

" 32:7 84 

9. 142,14 

11 50,54 

12 128 

15 150 

17 25,18 

" 18 43 

23 23 

29 142 

31 73,128 

" 33:13 143 

17 47 

18 100 

" 34:5 54 

" 35:3 73 

14 25 

" 36:12,14 73 

" 37:3 31 

4 41 

15 61 

34 18 

" 38:9 79 

11 98 

25 132 

" 39:1,2 25 

3,6 84 

"• 9 45 

10 18 

18 73 

20 31,132 

22 84 

23 47 

" 40:1 114 

3 31 

5 36 

7 121 

9 110 

13 132 

" 41:1 84 

11 84 

13 36 

18 50 



PAGE. 

Gen. 41:20 38 

" 25 132 

" 34 67 

42 23 

43 88 

50 114 

" 42:6 27,98 

10 135 

11 27 

13 38 

15 142 

18.... 142 

21,22 73 

30 18,109 

37 U 

38 142 

" 43:3 88 

9 142 

10 142 

11 31 

16 18 

20 123,88 

30 18 

34 50 

" 44:3,4 128 

7 ...123 

9 133 

17 123 

18 123 

26 128 

" 45:4 45 

7 14 

9 103 

20 27 

" 46:3 136 

33 142 

34 84 

" 47:6 27 

8 43,121 

19 121 

21 27 

24 50 

31 22 

" 48:7 27 

" 49:8 27 

32 18 

13 18 

17b ..73 

30f 54 

" 50:5 67 

Ex. 1:7 94 

10 79,14 

13 60 

16 79 

19 25 

21... 16 

2:2 136 

11 43 

12 118 

13 121 



164 



HEBREW SYNTAX 



PAGE." 

Ex. 2:14,15 22 

18 50 

3:2 22,118 

3 36,64 

5 22 

6 36 

7 88 

" 15 36 

4:9 47,98 

13 132,31 

14 142 

15 45 

17 132 

20 36 

21 79,132 

22 73,50 

29 132 

32 73 

5:11 64,118 

15 64 

22 43 

" 6:6 79 

7:9 41,142 

15 79 

17 16 

18,21 22 

26 79 

8:1 22 

10 18,25 

11 88 

23 64 

" 9:3 84 

4 45 

8 25 

14 136 

19 79,64 

27 22 

29 16 

32 18 

33 16 

" 10:1 67 

3 56 

7 118 

8 100,101 

" 12 67 

13 128 

21 67 

26 64 

" 11:1 50 

" 12:3 50 

4 38 

6 50 

8,9 36 

13 132 

17 58 

40 50 

42 110 

" 13:17,34 136 

" 14:11 118 

12 92 



Ex. 15:1 
5 



16: 



19 



20 



6,7.. 
13.. 
15.. 
16.. 
19.. 
20.. 
5... 
12.. 
20... 
32... 
:11 . . 
15 . . 
23.. 
26... 
27.. 
:5... 
19.. 
23.. 
31.. 
:3-17 



PAGE. 

14 

16 

60 

40 

60 



..14 

114 
..25 
..18 



.25 



.61 

.103 



..41 
.142 



.106 
..64 
..31 



12 
21:3. 



.31 



.128 
..64 
,101 



22:3. 
19. 



23:1 



.118 
..64 
..67 



34 



...79 
...25 
....81 
.43,31 
...101 
....25 
...31 
....18 
,...81 



.101 
..25 
..95 



25 

16 

18 

36 18 

40 50,25 

:33,38 79 

;14 114 

:29 92 

34 45 

:7-ll 79 

12 128 

16 121 

:1 31 



PAGE. 

Ex. 34:34 79 

" 35:24 47 

" 36:4 25 

7 88 

" 37:1 95 

" 38:30 31 

" 39:17 25 

22,27 '. 95 

" 40:18 73 

Lev. 2:2 114 

" 3:4 27 

" 4:24,33 132 

" 5:7.. 16 

" 8 45 

9 47 

" 6:13 25 

" 7:7 27 

8 100 

27 23 

83 .....27 

" 9:6 136 

" 10:9 67 

10,11 92 

" 11:32 47 

" 12:5 18 

" 14:43 136 

45 23 

" 16:32 45 

" 18:11 132 

" 20:14 100 



" 23:40.. 
'* 24:14.. 
" 26:44.. 
" 27:5..., 
" 32:44... 
Num. 3:49 
4:19 



5:15 


18,26 


18 


31 


23 


109 


7:3 


50 


13 


26 


9:7 


23 


8 


67 


23 


54 


10:17 

18...... 


36,142 

142 


32 


.79 


11:6 


118 


12 


64 


13 


67 


19 


50 


27 


84 


14:22 


43 


28...... 


142 


32 


41,111 


45 


2? 


15:4-7 


26 


14 


64 


24 


142 



BY AN INDUCTIVE METHOD. 



165 





PAGE. 




PAGE. 




PAGE. 


Num. 16:13 


88 


Deut. 4:13 

16,19.... 
29 


50 

19 

142 


Deut. 21:7 


HI 


" 15 


101 


" 22:2 


79,41 


" 17:17.. 


26 


19 


. . . . . .22,50 


" 20 


. ...79,132 
26 


40 


136 


21 


79 


21 


41 


50 


22 


36 


" 20:3 

" 10 


123 


" 42 


79,31 


" 23 


26 


121 

47 


" 5:5 

12 


128 

88 


" 24:4 


136 


19 


6 


19 


" 21 


136 

79 


22 

26 


64 

123 


" 25:13 


16 


11 21:9. 


17,19.... 


92 


14 


26 


30 


79 


" 28:8 


68,79 


" 33 


22 


6:18 


79 


32 


114 


34 


84 


20,21 . . . 


142 


35 


136 


" 22:6 


103 


7:7 


106 


43 


26 


11 

32 


73 

22 


9 


79 


" 45 


58 


15 


27 


48 


114 


33 


41 


17 


121 


49 


61 


33 


54 


8:2 


92 


55 


118 


" 23:7 


60 


2,4 


43 


57 


136 


" 8 


64 

22 


" 8 


18 


62 

67 


58 


14 


14 


22 


123 


26 


121 


9:6 


23 


" 29:5 


136 


28 


22 

61 


" 12 


43 


" 30:3 

16 


132 


" 24:1? 


15a 


128 


79 


" 25:17 


88 


15b 

25 


128 

98 


" 31:17 

" 32:4 


121 


kk 28:13 


26 


27 


" 31:2 


96 


27 

28 


67 

132 


6 

7 


31 


" 32:11 


64 


19 


12 


118 

58 


" 10:1 

13 


67 

84 


11 


61 


19 


15 


45 


23 


142 


" 15 


73 


16,17 .... 


60 


" 35:22 


47 


ft 17 


36 


20 


45 


23 


23 


" 11:4 


92 


24.. 


36 


22-24... 


142 


7 


. . .23,123,84 


26,27 .... 


142 


33 


64 


10 


132 


29 


64 


" 36:7,9 


64 


12 


23 


35 


114 


Deut. 1:3 


36 


23 


38 


37 


132 


5 


103 


26 


84 


40 


123 


19 


38 


" 12:10 


84 


41 


142 


20,25 .... 


84 


11 


64,79 


lk 33:1 


31 


22 


132 


20 


68 


2 


81 


23 


50 

38 

23 


22 

23 

" 13:3,14.... 


101 

18 

68 


6 


68 


" 25 


11 


98 


35 


17 


27 


" 2:4 


22 

47 


4 

15 


121 

79 


" 19 


31 


7 


20 


81 


14 


54 

103 

27 


" 14:2 

27 

32 


38 

.....27 

106 


25 


106 


16 


" 34:5 


26 


23 


Josh. 2:5 


128 


25 


103 


" 15:10 


92 


8 


118 


27 


26 


18 


98 


3:12 


50 


30 


81 


" 17:2,3 


73 


13 


23 


31 


103 


9 


43 


16 


103 


34 


101 


20 


118 


4:3 


50 


3:4 


45 


" 18:14 


27 


9 


73 


5 


......18,26 


" 19:2 


50 


18 


128 


" 24 


, 103 


" 18 


31 


19 

20 


22 


4:1 


22 


" 20:5 


68 


50 


3 


45,123 


" 21:3,4 


22 


5:2 

15 


103 


10 


132 


3,6 


38 


27 



166 



HEBREW SYNTAX 



PAGE. 

Josh. 6:13 88 

19 27 

7:7 103 

12 61 

25 95 

8:11 36 

20 ..114 

24 73 

30 60 

9:12 27 

13 31 

" 10:12 60 

24 45 

" 12:2,5,9 22 

" 13:5 26 

" 14:7 92 

9 142 

11,15 38 

" 15:8,9 41 

21 ...36 

47 ..22 

" 17:14 128 

" 19:51 36 

" 21:32 50 

" 22:1... 60 

17 73,101 

" 23:10 60 

11 79 

" 24:17 Ill 

Judg. 1:35 73 

2:1 60 

18 60,79,136 

22 84 

" 3:20 128 

23 81 

24 ....128 

" 26 128 

28 36 

4:20 79 

21 128 

24 136 

5:1 73 

8 142 

10 36 

13 125 

17 94 

" 18 45 

19 128 

22 19 

23 88 

26 60 

27 125 

29 60 

30 26 

6:5 60,128 

11 ....23,36 

18 142 

15 38 

19 128 

25 125 





PAGE. 




PAGE. 


Judg. 6:27 


73 


ISam. 2:23 


23 


28 


..50 


26,27,28. 


88 


29 


47 


30 


88 


7:3 


50 


31 


79 


41 13 


81 


" 3:1 

3 


26 


17.... . 


79 


118 


" 19 . 


88 


" 3,7b 


60 


22 


125 


11 „ 


27,84 


8:4 


84,128 


13 


31,81 


11 


128 


17 


142 


9:16-20... 


.. 142 


" 4:1 


26 


28 


43 


5 


96 


29 


123 


10 


38 


33 


79 


20 


Ill 


36 


109 


" 5:12 


31 


" 11:8 


79 


" 6:7 


79 


16 


73 


" 7:12 


73 


" 17,19... 


68 


14 


109 


25 


88 


u 8:6 


136 


33 


.50 


8 


73 


" 12:5 


36 


44 9:6 


61,88 


" 11,13 . . . 


109 


" 9 


60 


" 13:9 


128 


13 


27 


23 


47,142 


" 14 


128 


" 14:4 


109 


21 


36 


10 


61 


24 


16 


17 


50 


" 10:3 


4Y 


" 18 .. 


38,58 

58 


9 


16 


" 15:3 


23 


..38 


" 16:15 


125 


" 11:12 


121 


31 


128 


" 12:3 


43 


" 17:6 


109 


17 


32,92 


8..- 


45 


20 


79 


9 


64 


23 


27 


10 


109 


" 13:5 


50 


" 19:11 


128 


15 


121 


17 


64 


21 


79 


" 20:31 


128 


" 14:11 


84 


37 


114 


17 . 


43 


39,40... 


128 


19 


88 


" 26:23 


73 


23 s. 


64 


Ruth. 1:12... 


...56,107,38 
45 


29 


23 


16 


33 


92 


21 


125 


44 


64 


22 


19 


" 15:1 

" 2 


109 


" 2:3 . 


36 


45,58 


3:4 


19 


3........ 


79 


12 


38 


16 


..68,125,132 


18 


142 


17 


73 


" 4:3 


..36,58 


23 


125 


ISam. 1:1 


23 


33 


109 


3 


22 


" 16:3 

4 

7 


45,101 


" 3 


79 


121 


12 


81 


38 


" 16 


31 


18 


23 


28 


58 


23 


79 


2:1,3-5... 
5 


56 


« 25 


106 


36,56 


" 17:6 


....... .16 


10 


68 


10 


50 


22 


60 


12 


23 



BY AN INDUCTIVE METHOD. 



167 



PAGE. 

lSam.l7:17,18 36 

34 22,84,107 

34,35 142 

36 109 

55-58 43 

18:11 73 

17 128 

19:11 84 

13,16 19 

22 106 

20:6 142 

13 101 

17 96 

19 103 

20 109 

27 50 

31 31 

36 128,84 

21:6 106 

15 64 

22:7 19 

24:6 36 

13 ..61 

25:14 109 

18 50 

24 26,41 

27 114 

29 27 

34 58 

43 109 

26:16 101 

19 142 

20 101 

28:1,2 73 

18,19 109 

30:13 43 

23 123 

2Sam. 1:4 136 

13 121 

18 95 

2:8 36 

15 50 

27 142 

3:1 88 

8 73 

13 Ill 

26 109 

35 142 

4:4 36 

10 Ill 

5:8b 61 

10 88 

24 58,101 

6:3 23 

16... 81,84 

7:28 106 

9:3 118 

10:7 26 

11:1 73 

15 79 



PAGE. 

2Sam.l2:l. 47 

4 23 

8 68 

16 ....96 

23b 84 

31 79 

" 13:4 84 

15 96 

18 81 

" 14:4 .22 

7 79 

10 Ill 

25 92 

26 79,98 

" 15:1 73 

4 123 

23 14 

32 98 

33 142 

37 60 

" 16:4 56 

8 31 

9 68 

13 73 

11 17:1,3 68 

5 26,41 

6 121 

9 ...142 

11 56,31 

14 92 

17 79 

" 18:11 92 

12,13 142 

18 ..50 

29 121 

" 19:2 73 

12 121 

27 16,22 

30 56 

43 43,88 

44 50 

" 20:8 128 

19 31 

" 21:1 73 

4 136 

20 50 

22... 101 

" 23:4 128 

6 27 

" 24:13 114 

14 68 

24.... 26 

lKg-s. 1:25.. 84 

27.. 43 

28 84 

41 114 

47 22 

52 142,31 

" 2:5. 73 

7 36 



PAGE. 

1 Kga. 2:21 101 

26 31 

" 3:4 60 

8 64 

lib 81 

13 58 

18 36 

23 43,47 

" 4:1 26 

11 5:3 50 

17 136 

28 60 

" 6:32,35 81 

44 7:2 50 

12 26 

38 50 

49 19 

" 8:1 22 

27 64 

30 142 

" 9:21 73 

" 10:1 73 

11 81 

" 10:12 ..47 

" 11:5 16 

14 132 

25 101 

27 132 

28 136 

44 12:15 92 

16....: 43 

17 .73 

44 13:4 92 

12 43 

18 * 125 

44 14:3 43 

6 114 

10 107 

28 79,136 

44 15:4 92 

13 111,136 

23 36 

44 17:17 38 

24 43 

44 18:12 45,128 

13 ..73 

19 50 

21...... 95 

26 107 

32. 26 

44 43 118 

" 19:4 23 

5 34 

10 73 

15 36 

" 20:15,21.. 22 

" 32 121 

44 21:19 31,41,111 

44 22:14..... 84 

27 101 



168 



HEBREW SYNTAX 



PAGE. 

lKgs.22:30 88 

36 114 

2Kgs. 1:2 73 

3,6 118 

11,13 103 

" 2:9 136 

16 96 

23 128 

24 16 

" 3:4 26 

8,13 121 

14 142 

'* 4:2 118 

43 88 

" 5:13 142 

18 129 

" 6:2 19 

5 101 

15 121 

25 50 

" 7:2,4,19 142 

" 8:1 45 

" 9:27 27 

37 136 

" 11:13 125 

" 12:5 64 

7b 129 

15-17 79 

" 14:8-11 98 

" 15:1 73 

5 84 

" 16:19 36 

" 18:1 73 

15 22 

23 50 

" 19:22 43 

" 20:4 94 

" 22:5 36 

" 25:9 38 

IChr. 2:22 50 

" 7:5 19 

" 9:28 47 

32 26 

" 11:9 88 

" 12:33 19 

" 13:2 103 

" 15:16 136 

" 17:5 47 

" 17:25 136 

" 21:18 136 

" 22:2 136 

" 23:4 50 

*' 25:5 50 

" 26:28 22,28 

" 27:34 36 

2Chr. 3:4 50 

" 5:11 92,118 

" 9:20 118 

" 11:17 50 

" 20:6 92 



PAGE. 

2Chr.20:36 98 

" 21:17 36 

" 25:9 92 

10 Ill 

" 26:14 Ill 

15 103 

" 35:33 118 

Ezra 1:14 88 

" 6:22 81 

" 8:25 22 

30,36 81 

" 9:2 81 

15 118 

" 10:6 129 

14,17 22 

Neh. 1:5 23 

2:11 26 

" 5:7 122 

" 6:12 16 

" 8:2... 50 

10 132 

" 9:7,8 81 

" 12:39 81 

" 13:1,30 81 

Esth. 2:11,13 84 

14 81 

" 3:8 118 

12 81 

" 4:2 118 

" 6:6 45 

" 7:4 118 

" 8:8 118 

15 8l 

" 9:23,24 81 

Job 1:13 84 

14 16,84 

2:2 122 

3:5 14 

18 129 

4:3..... 50 

12 60 

17 122 

19 64 

5:2 62 

5 79 

7 32 

10 22 

6:5 122 

8 123 

8-10 68 

11 136 

12 109 

14 32,123 

17 132 

19 Ill 

7:3 .101 

- " 4 142 

12 136 

17 64 

21 123 



PAGE. 

Job 8:9 107 

11 64 

" 9:4 50 

15,16 142 

24 23 

25 129 

" 10:2 ..45 

lOf 60 

15 56 

" 11:2 32,122 

5 123 

18 107 

" 12:5 123 

7 114 

11 125 

" 13:5 123 

13 43 

25 101 

" 14:11 79 

11,12 ...125 

13 123 

19 125 

" 15:3 88 

14 136 

17 45 

20 114 

35 , 88 

11 16:4,5,8 136 

19 19 

" 17:15 27 

14 18:2 36 

ft 15 118 

" 19:3 103 

16 132 

18 50 

19 43 

20 50 

" 20:19 103 

29 41 

" 21:6 142 

7 98 

21 114 

23 32 

" 22:8 27 

18 129 

" 23:3 103 

14.... 41 

" 24:22 129 

25 32 

" 25:4 122 

" 28:12 22 

17 118 

" 29:2 ..123 

3 Ill 

10.... 114 

24 129 

" 30:8. 118 

28 136 

" 31:1-4 136 

35 123 



BY AN INDUCTIVE METHOD. 



169 



PAGE. 

Job 32:1 50 

7 H4 

15,16 135 

» 88:17 92 

" 34:6 41 

10,13 32 

20 107 

31 129 

" 35:15 118 

" 37:20 50 

" 38:19,24 132 

31 64 

" 41:18 118 

20 32 

" 42:3 129 

15 16,114 

Ps. 1:2 98 

3,4,5,6 62 

6 16 

2:1 50 

3 68 

9 32 

12 98 

3:3 84 

6,7 62 

8 54 

4:7 84,123 

8 45,132 

5:5 94 

6 56 

7 19 

8 64 

11 50 

7:2 56 

3 ,129 

4,5 142 

5 132 

7:7 129,45 

10 125 

13 58 

16 60,56 

8:4 136 

5 64 

6b 73 

9:7 41 

15 136 

16 45 

" 10:4,6,11 118 

" 11:2 58,62 

4 62 

" 12:3 62,98 

5 43 

6 132 

7 36 

8 23 

11 14:7 123 

" 15:1 64 

2 98 

3-5 56 

" 16:3 132 



PAGE. 

Ps. 16:4 62 

6 50 

17:5 50 

8 32 

9 62 

10,11 98 

12 62 

14 79 

18:4,7 60 

8 73 

21 60 

26-28 62 

28 114 

30 64 

35 114 

19:8,9 36 

11 22,73 

20:8 43 

21:3 118 

4 32 

12 129 

22:2 50 

22 58 

29 16 

30 58,73 

32 84 

23:4 142 

24:2 73 

4 56 

25:2 56 

9 81 

11 79 

27:3 64,142 

7 132 

28:6 58 

29:5 84 

30:3 50 

6 64 

9 60 

12 58 

31:15 50 

32:2 132 

8 64 

9 92 

33:13 56 

34:8 73 

11 56 

23 92 

35:8 129 

12 94 

17 122 

19 118 

36:12 32 

13.... 58 

37:23 56 

40 81 

38:2 ....118 

39:12 56 

40:5 36 

8 50 



PAGE. 
Ps. 40:13 38 

" 41:4 58 

" 42:2 16,62 

3 122 

5 60 

12 122 

" 43:1.... 32,118 

" 44:2,3f 50 

5 .107 

21f 64 

28 92 

" 45:2c 123 

5 16,125 

7 107,32 

10 16 

13 14 

" 46:3 92 

5 27 

10 79 

11 38 

" 48:4 50 

11 49:9 ....14,81 

11 79 

13 132 

15 22 

20 45 

" 50:6 Ill 

12 142 

16,5 73 

17 73 

" 51:5 109 

9 125 

" 55:7 123 

7-9 1C6 

24 32 

" 56:3 98 

14 58 

" 57:4 129 

6 123 

" 58:5 132 

8 41 

" 59:17 58 

" 60:5 95 

13 125 

" 62:5 129 

" 63:7 142 

" 64:8 95 

" 65:5 132 

10 ..95 

14 94 

" 66:4.... 14 

" 68:12 94 

18 19 

" 69:4 ..129 

5 60 

" 71:3 129 

24 58 

" 72:12 132 

4 32 

17 23 



170 



HEBREW SYNTAX 



PAGE. 

Ps. 73:8 81 

" 73:15 58,142 

" 74:2 45 

" 75:3 142 

8. 43 

" 76:8 136 

10 92 

" 77:14 43 

17 16 

" 78:30,31 129 

34. 125 

38 79 

40 122 

49 32 

" 80:11 101 

" 81:6 32,132 

9,14 123 

" 84:4 56 

7 36 

M 85:11 58 

" 87:3 .107 

" 88:2 125,132 

6 36 

7-10 50 

" 90:1 36 

10 19,27 

15 132 

" 91:6 98 

" 92:6 56 

" 94:10 95 

17 58 

18 142 

" 95:10 60,84 

11 97:7 84 

" 99:6f 60 

" 102:8 16 

" 103:4 22 

" 104:2 94 

3 22 

6-8 60 

8 43 

11-17 62 

24 56 

27 136 

" 107:5 ......129 

" 119:2 84 

15 142 

58 136 

" 120:2 26 

5 94 

6 41 

" 127:2 103 

" 133:1 92 

" 139:19 123 

" 144:4 56 

" 145:7 38 

" 148:6 107 

10 23 

Prov. 1:7 32 

3:9,i0 142 



PAGE. 

Prov. 3:14 38 

18 114 

25 32 

28 107 

34 Ill 

4:8 142 

6:16 132 

22,31 142 

31 50 

8:6 16 

14 107 

30 ........16 

32 132 

9:18 36 

" 10:1,2,3,4 62 

22,24 Ill 

24 32 

" 11:2 73 

2,8 56 

22 36 

" 13:24 84,111 

" 14:8 92 

tk 15:21 103 

" 16:12 92 

28 84 

32 38 

'' 17:27 96 

" 19:12 43 

23 98 

" 20:9 56 

10 19 

13,25 142 

" 21:3 38 

" 22:12f 56 

23 96 

24 32 

" 24:11 123 

15 98 

" 25:3 125 

21 142 

'.' 26:2 32,92 

" 28:1 14 

6 19 

" 30:25 118 

Eccl. 1:2 36 

5 125 

13 32,38 

" 3:17 22 

5:7 19 

7:2 38 

14 43 

24 Ill 

8:5 47 

11 118 

15 41 

9:11 88 

" 10:18... ....22 

" 12:1 19 

Cant. 1:1 36 

2:11 41 



PAGE. 

Cant. 5:5 19 

8 38 

7:10 32 

8:14 Ill 

Isa. 1:3 19 

5 23,129 

7 27,36,84 

11 31 

13 27 

14 103 

15,18 142 

17 103 

18 64,68,22 

20 79 

21 ..60 

23 61 

31 84 

2:2 79 

6 73 

11 81 

17 43 

20 36 

22 41 

3:6 98,123 

8 125 

9 43 

13 84 

4:3 79 

5:1 96 

1,2 73 

3 14,68 

5 88 

6 96 

9 31 

11 36 

11,23 62 

12 , 79 

14,15... 73 

17 109 

24 92 

24b ....50 

25 73 

6:2 19,50,60 

3 26,47,111 

5 36,58 

6 50 

7 79 

10. 107 

11 ...113 

13 103,142 

7:6 16 

15 103,88 

16 45 

18 14 

20 19 

23 60 

24 107 

8:1 36 

4 107 

7 84 



BY AN INDUCTIVE METHOD. 



171 



PAGE. 

Isa. 8:9,10 125,143 

11 118 

13 133 

13,14 Ill 

9:1 37 

" 3 32,63 

1,3 36 

1-6 58 

5 73 

13 23 

13 16 

14 37 

11 10:1 33 

3 22,93 

5 114 

7 26 

13 23 

14 16,22 

15 31 

28-31 58 

33 93 

44 11:2 36 

8 58 

10 37 

13 19 

" 12:0 14 

" 13:4 33 

7 33 

10 58 

11 79 

13 38 

17 37 

18 109 

" 14:1,3,4 79 

6 118 

44 8 63 

6,19 36 

" 15:7 37 

" 16:4 14 

8,9,10 58 

13 58 

11 17:5 109 

6 Ill 

10 95 

" 18:5 109,58 

" 19:4 19 

13 109 

17 37 

" 21:1 58 

11 84 

44 22:3 36 

4 33 

13 88 

14 136,143 

18 33 

31 95 

" 23:1 58,68,107 

3 114 

4 58,118,125 

7 41 



Isa. 23:8 



PAGE. 

38 

13 114 

14 58 

24:4 58 

6 73 

13 33,58 

25:3 114 

8 58 

9 45 

26:11 60 

14 118 

19 109 

27:4 41 

6 23 

9 129 

10 79 

16 139 

28:8 118 

9 32 

16 22 

17b 109 

19 136 

24 23 

29:1 .132 

13 129 

15 103 

31 23 

30:6 45 

11 114 

20 26,114 

33 95 

34 109 

31:3 73 

4 63 

5 16 

6 133 

32:6 62 

13 84 

16 94 

33:6 37 

14 64 

34:3 58 

35:3 33 

36:9 36 

37:3 26 

4 133 

6 96 

38:15,16 136 

40:8 56 

13 81 

14 73 

20 63 

23 56 

29 45 

30 64 

31 22,63 

41:11 81 

15 32,81 

17 84 

22 68,81 



PAGE. 

Isa. 41:23 68 

24 45 

26 68 

39 27 

" 42:3 27 

6 81 

13 23 

14 81 

30 88 

31,23 81 

23 19 

24 45 

" 43:2 136 

17 60 

20 58 

31 45,132 

14 44:15 79 

31 41 

45:4 60 

" 46:lf 58 

3 33 

" 47:1 103,129 

9 92 

44 48:30,31 73 

14 49:15 64,118 

18 22 

20 19 

21 27,129 

51:2 CO 

2b,13 73 

33 27 

44 52:14 118 

53:3 36,32 

4 139,27 

44 54:1 45 

5 19 

15 43 

55:2 132 

9 56 

13 62 

" 57:19 129 

20 103 

44 59:4 88 

44 60:1 58 

5 114 

6 94 

9,11 129 

14 98 

17 ..95 

44 62:1b 62 

" 63:19b 123 

44 65:1 45 

44 66:8 47 

Jer. 1:5 136 

2:2 88 

8 45 

8,11. 132 

11a 50 

16 98 

30 125 



172 



IIEBKEW SYNTAX 



PAGE. 

Jer. 2:21 95 

32 143 

26 58 

27 129 

31 Ill 

3:3 103 

15 95 

4:14 114 

5:7 118,121 

6:4 62 

6 14 

19 73 

7:4 26 

9 ,...125 

10 92 

13 88 

16,17 118 

18 16 

19 41,47 

32 118 

8:1.. 36 

5 114 

16 36 

9:1 41 

3 47 

4 103 

14 Ill 

19 109 

" 10:4 114 

6,7 118 

10 26 

" 12:4 .114 

13 19 

" 13:1,2 22 

7 118 

16 107 

21 136 

26 58 

27 27 

" 14:17 96 

lk 15:4 133 

7.. 125 

15 38,136 

" 16:11 41 

17:10 93 

14 125 

" 18:4,8 142 

7 136 

" 19:12 .92 

" 20:9 79 

11 96 

17 36 

" 22:10 88 

12 32 

19 101 

24 133 

30 103 

" 23:6 96,114 

14 118 

17 139 



PAGE. 

Jer. 24:2 64 

" 25:14 41 

15 36 

38 58 

26:18 98 

" 27:8 Ill 

18..... 118 

" 28:2 58 

" 30:14 96 

14,19 96 

" 31:14 58 

19 121 

21 125 

" 32:19 .. 45 

" 33:25,26 142 

" 34:8,9 136 

35:14 101 

" 36:9 136 

" 37:9 47 

13 129 

" 38:5 118 

" 41:6 129 

" 43:2 129 

" 44:3 132 

18 136 

27 114 

28 .32 

46:9 22 

14-16 58 

48:36,41 32 

49:9b 143 

13 Ill 

15 38 

17 16 

Lam. 1:1,2 123 

10 136 

14 132 

4:1,2 122 

14 103 

Ezek. 1:1 32 

9:7 81 

" 10:12 125 

" 11:6 14 

12 45 

" 13:2 32 

3 118 

6,8 81 

14 14:22 101 

" 15:3 47 

" 16:27 26 

" 18:23 121 

" 21:14,32 26 

33 Ill 

" 24:6 36 

" 25:12 81 

" 26:7 36 

10 32 

" 27:6 31 

" 28:3,7 38 

" 29:2 32 



PAGE. 

Ezek.29:7 79 

" 31:3,16 36 

" 32:10 31 

" 33:9 142 

11 34:2 47 

" 37:2 81 

" 40:1 ...136 

36 50 

" 41:3,8,13,15 81 

" 43:17 17 

19-27 107 

" 44:3 101 

" 47:10 36 

Dan. 1:3-5 136 

8:3,13 23 

15 41 

9:5 88 

24 14 

Hos. 1:2 32,45 

6 103 

2:1 64 

8 84 

11 103 

3:1 32 

4:2 88 

8 114 

11 ...62 

14 63,111 

17 36 

5:15 136 

"" 7:5 36 

11 139 

13 136 

8:7 118 

9 41 

14 79 

9:9 103 

13 93 

14 114 

" 10:4 96 

9 132 

12 136 

14 79 

" 11:5 132 

6 79 

" 12:13 143 

" 14:4 45 

Joel 1:3... 123 

6 139 

8 36 

14 22 

2:5 36 

10 58 

20,21 103 

23 73 

3:2 43 

4:14 19,26 

15 58 

Amos 2:13 41 

" 3:3-6 133 



BY AN INDUCTIVE METHOD. 



173 



Amos 



10. 



PAGE. 

. . . .143 
16 



5 

:2 

4,6.... 
4AU.. 
18 



..125 
32,58 
..142 
..125 
...123 



10 .. 
11... 
:2,4b 
4.... 



Obad. 
Jon. 



118 

95 

81 

136 

12 41,111 

:4 92 

11 79 

:8 88 

:10 32 

:6 122 

8 43 



2:1. 
4:2. 



..14 

.103 



Mic. IX 



.136 



9,12,16 


58 


13 


114 


2:1 


123 


3 


98 


4,8 

8 


107 

36 


13 


73 


3:4 


43 



Mic. 



Nan. 



Halo. 



Zeph. 



PAGE. 

3:9 84 

12 98 

4:9 22 

5:4 43 

6:1 101 

8 92 

13 103 

7:1 129 

2 95 

3 Ill 

8,10 14 

1:4,5 73 

8 98 

12 129 

14 107 

2:5 14 

1:4 23 

6 132 

2:4 125 

6 45 

12 79 

15 129 

19 47 

3:1 36 

5,16,19 73 

3,7 60 

9 62,98 

17,18 68 

1:11 58 

2:2 118 

12 107 

3:9 98 

19 14 



PAGE. 

Hag. 1:4 41,111,129 

6 107 

2:3 1C7 

16 114 

Zech. 1:2 96 

13 26 

14,15 96 

" 3:1 22 

4 88 

5,8 22 

9 19 

" 5:5 43 

10 16 

6:12 107 

14 114 

7:3 43 

5 41 

8:15 103 

19 22 

20 36 

9:5 58 

" 10:6 125 

" 11:2 58 

12 50 

" 12:10 88 

" 13:8 50 

" 14:4 38 

15 23 

Mai. 1:2 73 

7 43,129 

11 125 

2:5 22 



INDEX OF HEBREW WORDS. 

[The references are to sections, unless otherwise indicated.] 



X 


....42.2. R.(b) 


fft« 

^na 


. 40. 4. b. R. (e) 
..11.2. d. R.(fc) 


nr]K 


43. l.b. 


TN 

,l NK 


.25. 1. c. R. (/) 
.25.1. c. R. (/) 


TK 


20. l.b. 




..20.1. b.R. (e) 




24. R. (I) R. (b) 


» 


.25. 1. c. R. (f) 


nix 


30.3. 


B/ r, K-TIK...-. 


14. 2. f. 


in** 


....15.1. R. (a) 


it* 


.34. 3. 


110 


5.3. 


« 


14.2.a. 


" 


15.1. 


nn«-*inx.. 


14. 2. f. 


nna 


...8. 4. c. R.(e) 


n#K-r\inK 


..14. 2. f. 


in« 


....30. 1. R.(a) 


" 


34.3. 


nnx 


47.5. f. 


nnx 


47.5. f. 


p ^nx.... 
, k..... 


47.5. f. 

12. 2. f. 


»K 


12. 2. f. 


nr-'K 


42.5. c. 


HITK 


42. 6. c. 


T* 


..22. 3. d. R. (d) 




..25.1. e. R. (/) 


t? 


...6.1. e. R. (e) 
37.5. d. 


it 


41.2. f. 


" 


41.3. 


it 


41.6. 


" 


41.2. c. 


J?"' 


8.2.d. 

41. 4. b. 




41. 5. b. 


M 


45. 2. e. 


"?m 


41. 4. b. 



ETX |"« 


14. 2. d. 


BTK 


8. 3.e. 


" 


....15. 3.R.(d) 


" 


....37.2. R. (a) 


" 


41. 7. 


14 


14. 2. a. 


" 


14. 2. b. 


btex 

s«...: T . 


14. 2. f. 

28. 5. R.(c) 

....28.5. R.(c) 
....30.1. R.(a) 


tt 


33. R. (b) 


" 


..41. l.b. R. '(b) 


sk"Z":" 


..41. 1. c. R.(c) 
8.2.d. 


" 


..8. 2. d. R. (/) 


" 


..23. l.a. R.(flf) 


" 


.25. 1. c. R. (/) 


n 


41.1. 


" .„ 


41. l.b. 


" 


41.1. c. 




41.2. 




47. 4. c. 


nm.... 1 ?**.. 
ri% 


14. 2. d. 

. .4. 1. b. R. (d) 


«jS« 


....15. 3. R.(d) 


d^Sk 


15.6. 

15.6. 


DK 


..42. 4.b. R. (€) 


" . .. 


.48. 1. b. R. (a). 




.48. I.e. R. (/) 


" 


..48.1. f. R. (g) 


" 


.25. 1. c. R. (/) 


" 


42.4. 




43. 3. b. 


tt 


48. l.b. 


11 


48. 9. a. 


D«..DK 


..48. 9. c.R.(r) 


nos dr.... 


.48. 1. b. R. (d) 


nrax 

kV b« 


....15. 3. R.(d) 
48. 1. b. 


" 


48. 9. a. 



MDK...... 


33. R. (a) 


1* 


2. 2. e. R. (i) 




44.1. R. (c) 


"2 t]« 


44. 1. a. R.(d) 


DDR 


41. 2. f. 


ItfK 


34.2. 


" 


41.2. b. 



..46. 3. c. R. (h) 



tt 


9.5. R. (e) 


" 


13. 


It 


13.2. 


" 


..25.1.c.R.(/) 


" 


47.1. a. 


" 


47. 3. a. 


tt 


47.4. a. 


" 


47.4. b. 


DnR.-.'w'R. 


13.1. 


1V...IE/K..". 


13.1. 


Sb ^«...... 


47.4. c. 


DtP...-ltPR.. 


13.1. 


n« 


.28. 2. a. R. (/) 




..29.2. a.R.(d) 


" 


34.1. 


it 


....34. 1. R. (b) 




....34.8. R. Qi) 


it 


...34.10. R. (7c) 


tt 


46. 3. b. 


tt 


7. 5. 




. . .9. 1. a. R. (a) 


" 


11. 2. a. 


tt 


11. 2. b. 


tt 


..11. 2. b. R.(i) 




13.2. 


itf« rw:... 


.46. 3. b. R. (/) 


ruHE? nR... 


. . . .29. 1. R. (a) 


3 


. .29. 1. c. R. (5) 


*» 


....30.1. JR. (a) 


tt 


....30. 5. R. (c) 


tt 


33. R. (b) 



HEBREW SYNTAX 



175 



3 33. 2. R.(e) 

" 9.2.b.R.(b) 

" 10.4.b. 

" 47.5. c. 

YtfK3 46. 3. c. R. (flf) 

lj.7. r . 8.2.d. 

Ktt 30.4. 

flttS 33. R. (a) 

WM32 20.1. b. 

'"'' : 25. 1. a R. (/ ) 

" 47.5.d. 

<3 (with 'pX) 43.1.b. 

S*3 T ...".25.1. c.R.(/) 

" 41. 2. e. 

" 4T.4.C. 

*63 41. 4. c. 

"' 41. 5. c. 

,l ?3 41.2.b.R.(e) 

" : 41.2. e. 

" 41. 6. 

" 8.2.d. 

" 41.2.d. 

" 41.5.d. 

" 45. 2.e. 

"phi 41.R.(flO 

" 41.2.b.R.(e) 

" 41.2.d. 

" 8.2.d. 

" 41.4.a. 

" 41. 5.c. 

" 45.2.e. 

3H-T3} «]D33 HJPD3... 

TT ".? 4. 3. d. R. Qb) 

j3 8.3.e. 

rij3 31.6.R.(c) 

p > V- , J3 2.2.c.R.(/) 

nn^i." 22. 4. c. 

""' r 47. 4. b. 

"7^3 40. 4. b. R.(e). 

44 ' 8.3.e. 

n^3 30.5. 

n3. T . 8.3.e. 

" 15.4.R.(e) 

SlJ 8. 3. a. 

1U* 30.4. 

TJ^ 4. 1. a. R. (a) 

DJ..' 28. 3. a. R. (e) 

" 44.1.R.(c) 

bm 30.5. 

n*U 15.4. R.(e) 

-)il 8.2.c.R.(e) 

" T 37.2. R. (a) 

" 14.2.b. 

HD 13^ 12.2.e.R.(/) 

Hi... ' 8.2.b. 



njH 4.1.b. R. (c) 

H..." 42.2.R.(b) 

H 25.1.c.R.(/) 

"" 42.2. 

" 42.2.R.(b) 

" 42. 4. a. R. (d) 

" 42. 4. b. 

H_ 8.1.R.(a) 

" T 23.R.(d) 

" 23.2.R.(n) 

" 33. 1. a. R.(c) 

44 33.1. b. R.(d) 

nxn 4.3. d. R. (b) 

n^Sjn 4.1. a. R. (a) 

pin 28. 2.b. R. (fir) 

mr\r\ 39.6. 

Wn 12.1.b.R. (a) 

" 12.1. e.R.(c) 

" 37.5.b.R.(e) 

" 39.6. 

" 42.5.a. 

44 7.6. 

'IT! 43.1.b. 

n;n 37.5. c. 

" T 38.2.c.R.(/) 

nfn 41.5. e. 

'pnf 42.3. R.(c) 

pH 28.2.b.R.(0) 

fc6n 25.1.c.R.(/) 

44 ' 42.3. 

IjSn 28. 3. d. R. (h) 

" T 30.4. 

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176 



HEBREW SYNTAX 



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AN INTRODUCTORY 

New Testament Greek Method 

TOGETHER WITH 

A Manual, containing Text and Vocabulary of 
Gospel of John and Lists of Words, 

AND 

The Elements of New Testament Greek Grammar. 

BY 
WILLIAM R. HARPER, Ph.D., 

Professor in Yale University \ 

AND 

REVERE F. WEIDNER, D.D., 

Professor in Augustana Theological Seminary^ Rock Island^ III. 



Octavo, price, - - $2.50 net. 

#*# Correspondence concerning terms for introduction and examination 
copies is solicited from instructors desiring a Text-book in New Testa- 
ment Greek. 

CHARLES SCRIBNER'S SONS, Publishers, 
743-745 Broadway, New York. 



MANY who have not studied Classical Greek desire to 
know New Testament Greek. For these as well as 
for those who, having studied Classical Greek, desire to 
review more particularly the principles of New Testament 
Greek, this book is intended. By its use the student, while 
acquiring and mastering the principles of the Greek 
Language by a rapid and natural method, will be pursuing 
a complete and thorough study of New Testament litera- 
ture ; and thus not only to clergymen of all denominations 
— to whom it will serve as an important basis for their 
work — but to Bible students generally the book will be 
found invaluable. 

For several years the inductive method of teaching 
languages, as exemplified in Professor Harper's Text-Books, 
has been employed by many of the leading Professors of 
Hebrew in this country. A book to embody the application 
of the method in New Testament Greek has long been 
called for, and it is believed that the present volume will 
meet the demand. 



HEBREW AND SEMITIC TEXT-BOOKS. 



ELEMENTS OF HEBREW. By WILLIAM R. HARPER, 
Ph.D. Eighth edition. Revised and Indexed. 8vo, $2.00 net. 

An Elementary Grammar of the Hebrew Language, by an Inductive Method. 
Comprising systematic statements of the principles of Hebrew Orthography and Ety- 
mology, according to the latest and most scientific authorities, deduced from examples 
quoted in the work ; with a practically exhaustive discussion and classification of the 
Hebrew Vowel-sounds. 

INTRODUCTORY HEBREW METHOD AND MANUAL. 
By WILLIAM R. HARPER, Ph.D. Fourth edition. i2mo, 
$2.00 net. 

A Text-Book for Beginners in Hebrew, by an Inductive Method. Containing the 
Text of Genesis I.-VIII ; with notes, referring to the author's " Elements of Hebrew," 
Exercises for Translation, Grammar Lessons covering the Principles of Orthography 
and Etymology, and Lists of the most frequently occurring Hebrew words. 

ELEMENTS OF HEBREW SYNTAX. By WILLIAM 
R. HARPER, Ph.D. 8vo, $2.00 net. 

A presentation of the principles of Hebrew Syntax, by an inductive method. 

The method of presentation includes (i) a citation and translation of examples 
teaching a given principle ; (2) a statement of the principle ; (3) the addition of details 
and exceptions in smaller type ; (4) a list of references (in the order of the Hebrew Bible) 
for further study. 

HEBREW VOCABULARIES. By WILLIAM R. HARPER, 
Ph.D. (in preparation.) 

AN ARAMAIC METHOD. By CHARLES RUFUS BROWN. 

PART I. Text, Notes and Vocabulary. i2mo, $1.75 net. 

PART II. Grammar. i2mo, $1.00 net. 

Including brief statements of the principles of Aramaic Orthography, Etymology 
and Syntax. The method pursued is comparative and inductive. For the convenience 
of those using Harper's Elements of Hebrew, the arrangement has been adopted as far 
as possible from that work. 

AN ASSYRIAN MANUAL. By DAVID G. LYON, Ph.D. 8vo, 

$4.00 net. 

The Manual contains a list of syllabic signs in most common use, a selection of some 
of the most important historical texts transliterated in English letters, some pages of 
Cuneiform Texts, Paradigms, Comments, and Glossary. 

AN ARABIC MANUAL. By JOHN G. LANSING, D.D. 8vo, 
$2.00 net. 

Containing the Letters ; Vowels ; Signs • Accent ; Pause ; Syllables ; The Articles 
Pronouns ; different classes of Prepositions, Conjunctions, and Adverbs, with a table of 
the most common of these ; Numerals ; the Verb, with its Measures, Permutations, As- 
similations, Forms, Voices, States, Moods, Persons, etc., Triliteral and Quadriliteral, 
Strong and Weak, Inflections by Persons, Voices and Moods, Derived Forms, The 
Weak Verbs and Other Verbs, with explanations, and paradigms ; The Noun, Kinds, 
Derivation, Classification, Verbal Adjectives, Cases, Declensions, etc., with example* 
under all sections. 



"I have used Professor Harper's ' Elements' and Method ' with the Junior 
Classes of this Seminary during the past year. The practical test has only con- 
firmed the favorable opinion with which the books were introduced. I have no 
doubt that, for their purpose, they are the best works now before the public." — 
Prof. W. G. Ballantine, Oberlin Theological Seminary, Oberlin, O. 

M I take pleasure in commending the Hebrew text-books of Professor W. R. 
Harper. They are in my judgment practical, convenient and adequate to in- 
troduce one to a good working acquaintance with the Hebrew language. We 
are using them in this Seminary in the Junior Class, and propose to continue 
to do so.' ; — ProL Basil Manly, Southern Baptist Theological Seminary, 
Louisville Ky. 

*** * 1 have found them both to stand the test of the class-room. The 
'Elements' treats all principles thoroughly and exhaustively. The 'Method' 
is unique and in all respects sui generis. It seems to me to leave nothing un 
done in helping a student to a knowledge of the Hebrew. It is a vast improve- 
ment on the old methods. The typography of both books cannot be excelled." — 
Prof Chas. H. Corey, Richmond Theological Seminary, Richmond, Va. 

" I have used Dr. Harper's Hebrew ' Elements' and ' Method' for one year. 
The results in the class-room have been not only exceedingly gratifying, but 
more satisfactory both as to amount and thoroughness than in preceding years. 
I not only expect to continue the use ot the 'Elements' and 'Method,' but hope 
for them that which they richly deserve— a constantly increasing demand and 
usefulness." — Prof J. G. Lansing, Theological Seminary, New Brunswick, N.J. 

" * * They are clearly written, so that no one can misunderstand what the 
author means to say. They are beautifully printed, so as to be in themselves 
attractive as mere works of art. The ' Method ' is full, easy and progressive ; 
and, above all, is liked and enjoyed by the students ; while the matter of the 
1 Elements ' is well chosen both as to quantity and quality, and is paragraphed 
and arranged in such matchless order as to make it most ready of acquisition 
and convenient for reference." — Prof. R. D. Wilson, Western Theological Semi- 
nary, Allegheny, Pa. 

(c * * Actual trial of these exponents of the inductive method has convinced 
me that they are the best text-books of elementary Hebrew that have yet ap- 
peared The author has not only adopted the surest method ot mastering the 
phenomena of the language, but he has also done for beginners what Bickell 
and others had done for more advanced students : he has led them back of the 
mere surface facts to the controlling principles, and encouraged that kind of 
analytical study which makes Hebrew a permanent acquisition. These two 
books are simply indispensable in my class room." — Prof. W. W. Moore, Union 
Theological Seminary, Hampden Sidney, Va. 

" It affords me pleasure to say, after a year's trial of Dr. Harper's Hebrew 
text-books in the class-room, that they have given entire satisfaction. Of the 
fifteen years during which I have taught Hebrew, this has been in all respects 
the most pleasant and satisfactory, and I cannot but attribute the fact to the 
use of Harper's method of teaching the language. As a consequence of its 
introduction, the students have exhibited unwonted enthusiasm, and found 
great delight in the pursuit of what is commonly regarded as a very dreary 
study." — Prof. F. A Gast, Theol. SenVy of the Reformed Church, Lancaster, Pa. 

" I have used Prof essor Harper's books with my classes for the past three 
years, and am convinced that, for thoroughness and perspicuity of statement, 
tor simplicity of analysis, and for economy o± time, both in and out of the 
class-room, they afford just the aid which a teacher desires from the use of 
text-books. By systematic arrangement and appropriate reiteration chey facil- 
itate an accurate and rapid acquaintance with the Hebrew language, while, in 
the hands of an independent teacher, they may be so used as constantly to 
stimulate the pupil's curiosity and power of discovery, and thus greatly to 
promote his interest, in the introductory stages of his study." — Prof. Chas, Rtjfus 
Brown, Newton Theol, Institution, Newton Centre, Mass. 



AUTHORITATIVE ENDORSEMENTS. 



The testimony of teachers and pupils who have made practical use of these text-books 
is uniformly and enthusiastically in praise of both the books themselves and of the 
system embodied in them. J£IF => In the acquisition of tke Hebrew language^ more rapid 
and satisfactory progress can be made by means of these books than by the use of any 
others in existence. .^ggflj The publishers invite attention to the following testimony : 

FROM PROFESSORS OK HEBREW. 

" I like them very much. No better books, introductory to Hebrew, exist." — Prof. T. 
K. Cheyne, Oxford University, Oxford, England. 

" Success is the best argument. What the Hebrew Summer Schools under Dr. Harper 
have succeeded in doing, in giving the average minister and student a real grasp of 
Hebrew, that exactly the k Method ' and v Elements ' effect in the class-room. They 
are invaluable. It is Davidson and Bickell and Gesenius combined. The debt instruc- 
tors owe the Principal of the Institute of Hebrew has not yet been fully recognized." — 
Prof. W. W. Lovejoy, Ref'd Episcopal Divinity School, Philadelphia, Pa. 

" * * Remarkably full and precise, and appears well designed to train the learner 
in a sound philological method, and to lead him on gradually until he requires a firm 
grasp of the principles of the language." — Prof. S. R. Driver, in Contemporary Review. 



List of Institutions using Harper's Hebrew Text-TSoohs. 



Univ. of Michigan Ann Arbor, Mich. 

Alfred University Alfred Centre. N . Y. 

Amherst College Amherst, Mass. 

Randolph Macon Coll. .Ashland, Va. 

U. F. Theol. Sem Allegheny, Pa. 

Western Theol. Sem... Allegheny, Fa. 

Adrian College Adrian, Mich. 

Albion College Albion, Mich. 

Grant University Athens, Tenn. 

Gammon School of 

Theology Atlanta, Ga. 

Bangor Theol. Sem Bangor, Me. 

Bethany College Betnany, W. Va. 

Tufts College Boston, Mass. 

MoCormick Theol.Sem.Chicago, 111. 
Chicago Theol. Sem . . .Chicago, 111. 

Hamilton College Clinton, N.T. 

Lane Theol. Seminary.. Cincinnati, O. 
Pauline Holiness Coll.. College Mound, Mo. 

Carthage College Carthage, 111. 

Harvard University.. .Cambridge, Mass. 
Pros.Epls.Uivin.Scbool.Cambridge, Mass. 

Biddle University Charlotte, N. C. 

Drake University Des Moines, Iowa. 

United Brethren Coll.. Dayton, O. 
Garrett Biblical Inst... Evanston, 111. 
Seabury Divin. School. Faribault, Minn. 

Theological Sem Gettysburg. Pa. 

De Pauw University . . .Greencartle, Ind. 
Southern University. . .Greensboro, Ala. 

Union Theol. Sem Hamden Sidney, Va. 

Hamilton Theol. Sem.. Hamilton, N. Y. 

Hillsdale College Hillsdale, Mich. 

Lake Forest Uuiv . . . .Lake Forest, III. 
So. Bapt. Theol. Sem... Louisville. Ky. 

Cumberland Univ Lebanon, Tenn. 

William Jewell Coll. . . .Liberty, Mo. 
Theol. Sem. Kef. Ch.... Lancaster, Pa. 



Bishop's College Lennoxville.Quebec. 

Allegheny College Meadville, Pa. 

Monmouth College Monmouth. 111. 

McGill College Montreal, Can. 

University of Wis Madison, Wis. 

Bapt. Theol. Sem Morgan Park, 111. 

Central Turkey Coll Marash, Asia. 

Yale University New Haven, Conn. 

Newton Theol. Inst NewtonCentre,Mass 

Newberry College Newberry, S. C. 

Theol. Sem. Ref. Ch. t ..NewBrunswick,N.J. 
Muskingum College... New Concord, Ohio. 

Columbia College New York City 

Vanderbilt University. Nashville, Tenn. 
Nashotah Theol. Sem..Nashotah, Wis. 

Emory College Oxford, Ga . 

Theological Seminary.. Oberiin, Ohio. 

Oberlin College. Oberiin, Ohio. 

Pacific Theol. Sem.... Oakland, (al. 

Olivet College Olivet, Mich. 

Prot. Epis. Div.School. Philadelphia, Pa. 
Rev. Epis. Div. School. Philadelphia, Pa. 

University of Penna Philadelphia, Pa. 

Baptist College Pontypool, Eng. 

Rochester Theol. Sem.. Rochester, N. Y. 
Richmond Theol. Sem.. Richmond, Va. 
Augustana Theol. Sem. Rock Island, 111. 

Earlham College Richmond, Intf. 

Central University Richmond, Ky. 

Willamette University Salem, Ore. 

Concordia Seminary Springfield, III. 

Baptist College Toronto, Ontario. 

Crozer Theol. Sem Upland, Pa. 

Shurtlefi College Upper Alton, 111. 

Colby University Waterville, Me. 

Wellesley College . .Wellesley, Mass. 

Wilberf orce Univ Wilberforce, Ohio. 

Williams College. Williamstown, Mass, 



%* These books are for sale by all booksellers ', or sent, post- 
paid, on receipt of price, by 

CHARLES SCRIBNER'S SONS, Publishers, 

743-745 BROADWAY. NEW YORK. 



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LIBRARY OF CONGRESS § 



022 204 777 8 



